No Arabic abstract
We calculate the free energy, entropy and pressure of the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) at finite temperature and density with a given fraction of spin-up and spin-down quarks using a MIT bag model with corrections up to ${cal O} (g^4 ln g^2)$. The expressions for the specific heat and the spin susceptibility are derived in terms of Fermi momentum and temperature. The effects of interaction between the quarks on the properties of the QGP phase are also investigated. Within our phenomenological model, we estimate the transition temperature $T_c$ by constructing the phase boundary between the hadronic phase and the QGP phase. Finally, we compute the equation of state of the QGP and its dependence on the temperature and the density.
The previous thermodynamic treatment for models with density and/or temperature dependent quark masses is shown to be inconsistent with the requirement of fundamental thermodynamics. We therefore study a fully self-consistent one according to the fundamental differential equation of thermodynamics. After obtaining a new quark mass scaling with the inclusion of both confinement and leading-order perturbative interactions, we investigate properties of strange quark matter in the fully consistent thermodynamic treatment. It is found that the equation of state become stiffer, and accordingly, the maximum mass of strange stars is as large as about 2 times the solar mass, if strange quark matter is absolutely or metastable.
We extend the effective dynamical quasi-particle model (DQPM) - constructed for the description of non-perturbative QCD phenomena of the strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma (QGP) - to large baryon chemical potentials including a critical end-point (CEP) and a 1st order phase transition. The DQPM is based on covariant propagators for quarks/antiquarks and gluons that have a finite width in their spectral functions. In DQPM the determination of complex selfenergies for the partonic degrees-of-freedom at zero and finite $mu_B$ has been performed by adjusting the entropy density to the lattice QCD data. The temperature-dependent effective coupling (squared) $g^2(T/T_c)$, as well as the effective masses and widths or the partons are based in this adjustment. The novel extended dynamical quasi-particle model, named DQPM-CP, makes it possible to describe thermodynamical and transport properties of quarks and gluons in a wide range of temperature, $T$, and baryon chemical potential, $mu_B$, and reproduces the equation-of-state (EoS) of lattice QCD calculations in the crossover region of finite $T, mu_B$. We apply a scaling ansatz for the strong coupling constant near the CEP, located at ($T^{CEP}$, $mu^{CEP}_B) = (0.100, 0.960)$ GeV. We show the EoS as well as the speed of sound for $T>T_c$ and for a wide range of $mu_B$, which can be of interest for hydrodynamical simulations. Furthermore, we consider two settings for the strange quark chemical potentials (I) $mu_q=mu_u=mu_s=mu_B/3$ and (II) $mu_s=0,mu_u=mu_d=mu_B/3$. The isentropic trajectories of the QGP matter are compared for these two cases. The phase diagram of DQPM-CP is close to PNJL calculations. The leading order pQCD transport coefficients of both approaches differ. This elucidates that the knowledge of the phase diagram alone is not sufficient to describe the dynamical evolution of strongly interacting matter.
Quark-gluon plasma (QGP) droplet formation is re-considered with the addition of three loop correction to the earlier loop factors in the mean field potential. The correction of the three loop factor increases stability in the droplet formations of QGP at different parametrization factors of the QGP fluid and it is in better agreement in comparison to the lattice results of pressure, energy density and other thermodynamic relations. This implies that the contribution of the three loop enhances in showing the characteristic features of the QGP fluid. It shows that increasing the loop increased the strength of parametrization value which we defined earlier as a number parameter of fluid dynamics. It indicates that the model with the loop correction boosts in explaining about the formation of QGP droplet in the expansion of early universe
The low-energy amplitude of Compton scattering on the bound state of two charged particles of arbitrary masses, charges and spins is calculated. A case in which the bound state exists due to electromagnetic interaction (QED) is considered. The term, proportional to $omega^2$, is obtained taking into account the first relativistic correction. It is shown that the complete result for this correction differs essentially from the commonly used term $Deltaalpha$, proportional to the r.m.s. charge radius of the system. We propose that the same situation can take place in the more complicated case of hadrons.
The collisional energy gain of a heavy quark due to chromo-electromagnetic field fluctuations in a quark-gluon plasma is investigated. The field fluctuations lead to an energy gain of the quark for all temperatures and velocities. The net effect is a reduction of the collisional energy loss by 15-40% for parameters relevant at RHIC energies.