A generalization to the Gibbons-Hawking-York boundary term for metric $f(R)$ gravity theories is introduced. A redefinition of the Gibbons-Hawking-York term is proposed. The proposed new definition is used to derive a consistent set of field equations and is extended to metric $f(R)$ gravity theories. The surface terms in the action are gathered into a total variation of some quantity. A total divergence term is added to the action to cancel these terms. Finally, the new definition is proven to demand no restrictions on the value of ${delta g}_{ab}$ or ${partial}_{c}{delta g}_{ab}$ on the boundary.
We investigate whether the equivalence theorem in f(R)-type gravity is valid also in quantum theory. It is shown that, if the canonical quantization is assumed, equivalence does not hold in quantum theory.
In this paper, we study the stellar structure in terms of alternative theory of gravity specially by f (R;T) gravity theory. Here, we consider the function f (R;T) = R+2VT where R is the Ricci scalar, T is the stress-energy momentum and V is the coupling constant. Using it we developed a stellar model that briefly explains the isotropic matter distribution within the compact object filled with perfect fluid. The stability of the model is shown by several physical and stability conditions. With the accecptibility of our theory, we were able to collect data for compact stars like PSR-B0943+10, CEN X-3, SMC X-4, Her X-1 and 4U1538-52 with great accuracy.
A review of the new of the problem of dark energy using modified gravity approach is considered. An explanation of the difficulties facing modern cosmology is given and different approaches are presented. We show why some models of gravity may suffer of instabilities and how some are inconsistent with observations.
Using dynamical system analysis, we explore the cosmology of theories of order up to eight order of the form $f(R, Box R)$. The phase space of these cosmology reveals that higher-order terms can have a dramatic influence on the evolution of the cosmology, avoiding the onset of finite time singularities. We also confirm and extend some of results which were obtained in the past for this class of theories.
We present a study of the generalized second law of thermodynamics in the scope of the f(R,T) theory of gravity, with R and T representing the Ricci scalar and trace of the energy-momentum tensor, respectively. From the energy-momentum tensor equation for the f(R,T) = R + f(T) case, we calculate the form of the geometric entropy in such a theory. Then, the generalized second law of thermodynamics is quantified and some relations for its obedience in f(R,T) gravity are presented. Those relations depend on some cosmological quantities, as the Hubble and deceleration parameters, and on the form of f(T).