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Register a new userDetection of a dense clump in a filament interacting with W51e2
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In the framework of the Herschel/PRISMAS Guaranteed Time Key Program, the line of sight to the distant ultracompact HII region W51e2 has been observed using several selected molecular species. Most of the detected absorption features are not associated with the background high-mass star-forming region and probe the diffuse matter along the line of sight. We present here the detection of an additional narrow absorption feature at ~70 km/s in the observed spectra of HDO, NH3 and C3. The 70 km/s feature is not uniquely identifiable with the dynamic components (the main cloud and the large-scale foreground filament) so-far identified toward this region. The narrow absorption feature is similar to the one found toward low-mass protostars, which is characteristic of the presence of a cold external envelope. The far-infrared spectroscopic data were combined with existing ground-based observations of 12CO, 13CO, CCH, CN, and C3H2 to characterize the 70 km/s component. Using a non-LTE analysis of multiple transitions of NH3 and CN, we estimated the density (n(H2) (1-5)x10^5 cm^-3) and temperature (10-30 K) for this narrow feature. We used a gas-grain warm-up based chemical model with physical parameters derived from the NH3 data to explain the observed abundances of the different chemical species. We propose that the 70 km/s narrow feature arises in a dense and cold clump that probably is undergoing collapse to form a low-mass protostar, formed on the trailing side of the high-velocity filament, which is thought to be interacting with the W51 main cloud. While the fortuitous coincidence of the dense clump along the line of sight with the continuum-bright W51e2 compact HII region has contributed to its non-detection in the continuum images, this same attribute makes it an appropriate source for absorption studies and in particular for ice studies of star-forming regions.
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Recent surveys of the Galactic plane in the dust continuum and CO emission lines reveal that large ($gtrsim 50$~pc) and massive ($gtrsim 10^5$~$M_odot$) filaments, know as giant molecular filaments (GMFs), may be linked to galactic dynamics and trace the mid-plane of the gravitational potential in the Milky Way. We have imaged one entire GMF located at $lsim$52--54$^circ$ longitude, GMF54 ($sim$68~pc long), in the empirical dense gas tracers using the HCN(1--0), HNC(1--0), HCO$^+$(1--0) lines, and their $^{13}$C isotopologue transitions, as well as the N$_2$H$^+$(1--0) line. We study the dense gas distribution, the column density probability density functions (N-PDFs) and the line ratios within the GMF. The dense gas molecular transitions follow the extended structure of the filament with area filling factors between 0.06 and 0.28 with respect to $^{13}$CO(1--0). We constructed the N-PDFs of H$_2$ for each of the dense gas tracers based on their column densities and assumed uniform abundance. The N-PDFs of the dense gas tracers appear curved in log-log representation, and the HCO$^+$ N-PDF has the largest log-normal width and flattest power-law slope index. Studying the N-PDFs for sub-regions of GMF54, we found an evolutionary trend in the N-PDFs that high-mass star forming and Photon-Dominate Regions (PDRs) have flatter power-law indices. The integrated intensity ratios of the molecular lines in GMF54 are comparable to those in nearby galaxies. In particular, the N$_2$H$^+$/$^{13}$CO ratio, which traces the dense gas fraction, has similar values in GMF54 and all nearby galaxies except ULIRGs.
Massive stars, multiple stellar systems and clusters are born from the gravitational collapse of massive dense gaseous clumps, and the way these systems form strongly depends on how the parent clump fragments into cores during collapse. Numerical simulations show that magnetic fields may be the key ingredient in regulating fragmentation. Here we present ALMA observations at ~0.25 resolution of the thermal dust continuum emission at ~278 GHz towards a turbulent, dense, and massive clump, IRAS 16061-5048c1, in a very early evolutionary stage. The ALMA image shows that the clump has fragmented into many cores along a filamentary structure. We find that the number, the total mass and the spatial distribution of the fragments are consistent with fragmentation dominated by a strong magnetic field. Our observations support the theoretical prediction that the magnetic field plays a dominant role in the fragmentation process of massive turbulent clump.
We studied the filament structures and dense cores in OMC-2,3 region in Orion A North molecular cloud using the high-resolution N2H+ (1-0) spectral cube observed with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA). The filament network over a total length of 2 pc is found to contain 170 intersections and 128 candidate dense cores. The dense cores are all displaced from the infrared point sources (possible young stars), and the major fraction of cores (103) are located around the intersections. Towards the intersections, there is also an increasing trend for the total column density Ntot as well as the the power-law index of the column-density Probability Distribution Function (N-PDF), suggesting that the intersections would in general have more significant gas assembly than the other part of the filament paths. The virial analysis shows that the dense cores mostly have virial mass ratio of alpha_vir=M_vir/M_gas<1.0, suggesting them to be bounded by the self gravity. In the mean time, only about 23 percent of the cores have critical mass ratio of alpha_crit=M_crit/M_gas<1.0, suggesting them to be unstable against core collapse. Combining these results, it shows that the major fraction of the cold starless and possible prestellar cores in OMC-2,3 are being assembled around the intersections, and currently in a gravitationally bound state. But more extensive core collapse and star formation may still require continuous core-mass growth or other perturbatio
To deepen our understanding of the chemical properties of the Planck Galactic Cold Clump (PGCC) G168.72-15.48, we performed observations of nine molecular species, namely, ce{c-C3H}, ce{H2CO}, ce{HC5N}, ce{HC7N}, ce{SO}, ce{CCH}, ce{N2H+}, ce{CH3OH}, and ce{CH3CCH}, toward two dense cores in PGCC G168.72-15.48 using the Tianma Radio Telescope and Purple Mountain Observatory Telescope. We detected ce{c-C3H}, ce{H2CO}, ce{HC5N}, ce{N2H+}, ce{CCH}, and ce{CH3OH} in both G168-H1 and G168-H2 cores, whereas ce{HC7N} and ce{CH3CCH} were detected only in G168-H1 and SO was detected only in G168-H2. Mapping observations reveal that the ce{CCH}, ce{N2H+}, ce{CH3OH}, and ce{CH3CCH} emissions are well coupled with the dust emission in G168-H1. Additionally, ce{N2H+} exhibits an exceptionally weak emission in the denser and more evolved G168-H2 core, which may be attributed to the ce{N2H+} depletion. We suggest that the ce{N2H+} depletion in G168-H2 is dominated by ce{N2} depletion, rather than the destruction by CO. The local thermodynamic equilibrium calculations indicate that the carbon-chain molecules of ce{CCH}, ce{HC5N}, ce{HC7N}, and ce{CH3CCH} are more abundant in the younger G168-H1 core. We found that starless core G168-H1 may have the properties of cold dark clouds based on its abundances of carbon-chain molecules. While, the prestellar core G168-H2 exhibits lower carbon-chain molecular abundances than the general cold dark clouds. With our gas-grain astrochemical model calculations, we attribute the observed chemical differences between G168-H1 and G168-H2 to their different gas densities and different evolutionary stages.
We observed the L1506 filament, which is located in the Taurus molecular complex, with the Herschel PACS and SPIRE instruments. Our aim is to prove the variation in grain properties along the entire length of the filament. In particular, we want to determine above which gas density this variation arises and what changes in the grain optical properties/size distribution are required. We use the 3D radiative transfer code CRT, coupled to the dust emission and extinction code DustEM, to model the emission and extinction of the dense filament. We test a range of optical properties and size distributions for the grains: dust of the diffuse interstellar medium (interstellar PAHs and amorphous carbons and silicates) and both compact and fluffy aggregates. We find that the grain opacity has to increase across the filament to fit simultaneously the near-IR extinction and Herschel emission profiles of L1506. We interpret this change to be a consequence of the coagulation of dust grains to form fluffy aggregates. Grains similar to those in the diffuse medium have to be present in the outer layers of the cloud, whereas aggregates must prevail above gas densities of a few 1000 H/cm3. This corresponds to line-of-sights with visual extinction in the V band of the order of 2 to 3. The dust opacity at 250 microns is raised by a factor of 1.8 to 2.2, while the grain average size is increased by a factor of 5. These exact numbers depend naturally on the dust model chosen to fit the data. Our findings agree with the constraints given by the study of the gas molecular lines. Using a simple approach, we show that the aggregates may have time to form inside the filament within the cloud lifetime. Our model also characterises the density structure of the filament, showing that the filament width is not constant along L1506 but instead varies by a factor of the order of 4.
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