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Register a new userNanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance with a 1.9-nm-deep nitrogen-vacancy sensor
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We present nanoscale NMR measurements performed with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers located down to about 2 nm from the diamond surface. NV centers were created by shallow ion implantation followed by a slow, nanometer-by-nanometer removal of diamond material using oxidative etching in air. The close proximity of NV centers to the surface yielded large 1H NMR signals of up to 3.4 uT-rms, corresponding to ~330 statistically polarized or ~10 fully polarized proton spins in a ~(1.8 nm)^3 detection volume.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging with nanometer resolution requires new detection techniques with sensitivity well beyond the capability of conventional inductive detection. Here, we demonstrate two dimensional imaging of $^1$H NMR from an organic test sample using a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond as the sensor. The NV center detects the oscillating magnetic field from precessing protons in the sample as the sample is scanned past the NV center. A spatial resolution of 12 nm is shown, limited primarily by the scan accuracy. With further development, NV-detected magnetic resonance imaging could lead to a new tool for three-dimensional imaging of complex nanostructures, including biomolecules.
Detection of AC magnetic fields at the nanoscale is critical in applications ranging from fundamental physics to materials science. Isolated quantum spin defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond, can achieve the desired spatial resolution with high sensitivity. Still, vector AC magnetometry currently relies on using different orientations of an ensemble of sensors, with degraded spatial resolution, and a protocol based on a single NV is lacking. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate a protocol that exploits a single NV to reconstruct the vectorial components of an AC magnetic field by tuning a continuous driving to distinct resonance conditions. We map the spatial distribution of an AC field generated by a copper wire on the surface of the diamond. The proposed protocol combines high sensitivity, broad dynamic range, and sensitivity to both coherent and stochastic signals, with broad applications in condensed matter physics, such as probing spin fluctuations.
Scanning probe microscopy is one of the most versatile windows into the nanoworld, providing imaging access to a variety of sample properties, depending on the probe employed. Tunneling probes map electronic properties of samples, magnetic and photonic probes image their magnetic and dielectric structure while sharp tips probe mechanical properties like surface topography, friction or stiffness. Most of these observables, however, are accessible only under limited circumstances. For instance, electronic properties are measurable only on conducting samples while atomic-resolution force microscopy requires careful preparation of samples in ultrahigh vacuum or liquid environments. Here we demonstrate a scanning probe imaging method that extends the range of accessible quantities to label-free imaging of chemical species operating on arbitrary samples - including insulating materials - under ambient conditions. Moreover, it provides three-dimensional depth information, thus revealing subsurface features. We achieve these results by recording nuclear magnetic resonance signals from a sample surface with a recently introduced scanning probe, a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. We demonstrate NMR imaging with 10 nm resolution and achieve chemically specific contrast by separating fluorine from hydrogen rich regions. Our result opens the door to scanning probe imaging of the chemical composition and atomic structure of arbitrary samples. A method with these abilities will find widespread application in material science even on biological specimens down to the level of single macromolecules.
We present a new method for high-resolution nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (nano-MRI) that combines the high spin sensitivity of nanowire-based magnetic resonance detection with high spectral resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. By applying NMR pulses designed using optimal control theory, we demonstrate a factor of $500$ reduction of the proton spin resonance linewidth in a $(50text{-nm})^{text{3}}$ volume of polystyrene and image proton spins in one dimension with a spatial resolution below $2~text{nm}$.
The electrical conductivity of a material can feature subtle, nontrivial, and spatially-varying signatures with critical insight into the materials underlying physics. Here we demonstrate a conductivity imaging technique based on the atom-sized nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond that offers local, quantitative, and noninvasive conductivity imaging with nanoscale spatial resolution. We monitor the spin relaxation rate of a single NV center in a scanning probe geometry to quantitatively image the magnetic fluctuations produced by thermal electron motion in nanopatterned metallic conductors. We achieve 40-nm scale spatial resolution of the conductivity and realize a 25-fold increase in imaging speed by implementing spin-to-charge conversion readout of a shallow NV center. NV-based conductivity imaging can probe condensed-matter systems in a new regime, and as a model example, we project readily achievable imaging of nanoscale phase separation in complex oxides.
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