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Register a new userMultiphoton transitions in Josephson-junction qubits (Review Article)
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Sergey Shevchenko N.
Publication date
2012
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
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Two basic physical models, a two-level system and a harmonic oscillator, are realized on the mesoscopic scale as coupled qubit and resonator. The realistic system includes moreover the electronics for controlling the distance between the qubit energy levels and their populations and to read out the resonators state, as well as the unavoidable dissipative environment. Such rich system is interesting both for the study of fundamental quantum phenomena on the mesoscopic scale and as a promising system for future electronic devices. We present recent results for the driven superconducting qubit-resonator system, where the resonator can be realized as an LC circuit or a nanomechanical resonator. Most of the results can be described by the semiclassical theory, where a qubit is treated as a quantum two-level system coupled to the classical driving field and the classical resonator. Application of this theory allows to describe many phenomena for the single and two coupled superconducting qubits, among which are the following: the equilibrium-state and weak-driving spectroscopy, Sisyphus damping and amplification, Landau-Zener-Stuckelberg interferometry, the multiphoton transitions of both direct and ladder- type character, and creation of the inverse population for lasing.
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We consider a superconducting coplanar waveguide resonator where the central conductor is interrupted by a series of uniformly spaced Josephson junctions. The device forms an extended medium that is optically nonlinear on the single photon level with normal modes that inherit the full nonlinearity of the junctions but are nonetheless accessible via the resonator ports. For specific plasma frequencies of the junctions a set of normal modes clusters in a narrow band and eventually become entirely degenerate. Upon increasing the intensity of a red detuned drive on these modes, we observe a sharp and synchronized switching from low occupation quantum states to high occupation classical fields, accompanied by a pronounced jump from low to high output intensity.
We introduce a simplified fabrication technique for Josephson junctions and demonstrate superconducting Xmon qubits with $T_1$ relaxation times averaging above 50$~mu$s ($Q>$1.5$times$ 10$^6$). Current shadow-evaporation techniques for aluminum-based Josephson junctions require a separate lithography step to deposit a patch that makes a galvanic, superconducting connection between the junction electrodes and the circuit wiring layer. The patch connection eliminates parasitic junctions, which otherwise contribute significantly to dielectric loss. In our patch-integrated cross-type (PICT) junction technique, we use one lithography step and one vacuum cycle to evaporate both the junction electrodes and the patch. In a study of more than 3600 junctions, we show an average resistance variation of 3.7$%$ on a wafer that contains forty 0.5$times$0.5-cm$^2$ chips, with junction areas ranging between 0.01 and 0.16 $mu$m$^2$. The average on-chip spread in resistance is 2.7$%$, with 20 chips varying between 1.4 and 2$%$. For the junction sizes used for transmon qubits, we deduce a wafer-level transition-frequency variation of 1.7-2.5$%$. We show that 60-70$%$ of this variation is attributed to junction-area fluctuations, while the rest is caused by tunnel-junction inhomogeneity. Such high frequency predictability is a requirement for scaling-up the number of qubits in a quantum computer.
The phase-dependent bound states (Andreev levels) of a Josephson junction can cross at the Fermi level, if the superconducting ground state switches between even and odd fermion parity. The level crossing is topologically protected, in the absence of time-reversal and spin-rotation symmetry, irrespective of whether the superconductor itself is topologically trivial or not. We develop a statistical theory of these topological transitions in an N-mode quantum-dot Josephson junction, by associating the Andreev level crossings with the real eigenvalues of a random non-Hermitian matrix. The number of topological transitions in a 2pi phase interval scales as sqrt(N) and their spacing distribution is a hybrid of the Wigner and Poisson distributions of random-matrix theory.
We propose a setup for the experimental realization of unexpected and anisotropic $0$-$pi$ transitions of the Josephson current, in a junction whose link is made of irradiated Weyl semi-metal (WSM), due to the presence of chiral nodes. We show using a Greens function technique that the Josephson current through a time-reversal symmetric WSM has anisotropic periodic oscillations as a function of $k_0L$, where $k_0$ is the (relevant) separation of the chiral nodes and $L$ is the length of the sample. This is unexpected, for time-reversal symmetric systems, although it has been shown earlier for time-reversal symmetry breaking WSMs. We then show that the effective value of $k_0$ can be tuned with precision by irradiating the sample with photons resulting in $0$-$pi$ transitions of the critical current. Finally, we discuss the robustness of our setup.
Although Josephson junction qubits show great promise for quantum computing, the origin of dominant decoherence mechanisms remains unknown. We report Rabi oscillations for an improved phase qubit, and show that their coherence amplitude is significantly degraded by spurious microwave resonators. These resonators arise from changes in the junction critical current produced by two-level states in the tunnel barrier. The discovery of these high frequency resonators impacts the future of all Josephson qubits as well as existing Josephson technologies. We predict that removing or reducing these resonators through materials research will improve the coherence of all Josephson qubits.
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