No Arabic abstract
Pseudoexponential fields are exponential fields similar to complex exponentiation satisfying the Schanuel Property, which is the abstract statement of Schanuels Conjecture, and an adapted form of existential closure. Here we show that if we remove the Schanuel Property and just care about existential closure, it is possible to create several existentially closed exponential functions on the algebraic numbers that still have similarities with complex exponentiation. The main difficulties are related to the arithmetic of algebraic numbers, and they can be overcome with known results about specialisations of multiplicatively independent functions on algebraic varieties.
In this paper, we study factorizations in the additive monoids of positive algebraic valuations $mathbb{N}_0[alpha]$ of the semiring of polynomials $mathbb{N}_0[X]$ using a methodology introduced by D. D. Anderson, D. F. Anderson, and M. Zafrullah in 1990. A cancellative commutative monoid is atomic if every non-invertible element factors into irreducibles. We begin by determining when $mathbb{N}_0[alpha]$ is atomic, and we give an explicit description of its set of irreducibles. An atomic monoid is a finite factorization monoid (FFM) if every element has only finitely many factorizations (up to order and associates), and it is a bounded factorization monoid (BFM) if for every element there is a bound for the number of irreducibles (counting repetitions) in each of its factorizations. We show that, for the monoid $mathbb{N}_0[alpha]$, the property of being a BFM and the property of being an FFM are equivalent to the ascending chain condition on principal ideals (ACCP). Finally, we give various characterizations for $mathbb{N}_0[alpha]$ to be a unique factorization monoid (UFM), two of them in terms of the minimal polynomial of $alpha$. The properties of being finitely generated, half-factorial, and other-half-factorial are also investigated along the way.
Let $p$ be a prime with $p>3$, and let $a,b$ be two rational $p-$integers. In this paper we present general congruences for $sum_{k=0}^{p-1}binom akbinom{-1-a}kfrac p{k+b}pmod {p^2}$. For $n=0,1,2,ldots$ let $D_n$ and $b_n$ be Domb and Almkvist-Zudilin numbers, respectively. We also establish congruences for $$sum_{n=0}^{p-1}frac{D_n}{16^n},quad sum_{n=0}^{p-1}frac{D_n}{4^n}, quad sum_{n=0}^{p-1}frac{b_n}{(-3)^n},quad sum_{n=0}^{p-1}frac{b_n}{(-27)^n}pmod {p^2}$$ in terms of certain binary quadratic forms.
Given an integer $k$, define $C_k$ as the set of integers $n > max(k,0)$ such that $a^{n-k+1} equiv a pmod{n}$ holds for all integers $a$. We establish various multiplicative properties of the elements in $C_k$ and give a sufficient condition for the infinitude of $C_k$. Moreover, we prove that there are finitely many elements in $C_k$ with one and two prime factors if and only if $k>0$ and $k$ is prime. In addition, if all but two prime factors of $n in C_k$ are fixed, then there are finitely many elements in $C_k$, excluding certain infinite families of $n$. We also give conjectures about the growth rate of $C_k$ with numerical evidence. We explore a similar question when both $a$ and $k$ are fixed and prove that for fixed integers $a geq 2$ and $k$, there are infinitely many integers $n$ such that $a^{n-k} equiv 1 pmod{n}$ if and only if $(k,a) eq (0,2)$ by building off the work of Kiss and Phong. Finally, we discuss the multiplicative properties of positive integers $n$ such that Carmichael function $lambda(n)$ divides $n-k$.
Recently the new q-Euler numbers are defined. In this paper we derive the the Kummer type congruence related to q-Euler numbers and we introduce some interesting formulae related to these q-Euler numbers.
In this paper we investigate the properties of the Euler functions. By using the Fourier transform for the Euler function, we derive the interesting formula related to the infinite series. Finally we give some interesting identities between the Euler numbers and the second kind stirling numbers.