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Register a new userDevelopment of Readout Interconnections for the Si-W Calorimeter of SiD
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The SiD collaboration is developing a Si-W sampling electromagnetic calorimeter, with anticipated application for the International Linear Collider. Assembling the modules for such a detector will involve special bonding technologies for the interconnections, especially for attaching a silicon detector wafer to a flex cable readout bus. We review the interconnect technologies involved, including oxidation removal processes, pad surface preparation, solder ball selection and placement, and bond quality assurance. Our results show that solder ball bonding is a promising technique for the Si-W ECAL, and unresolved issues are being addressed.
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The CALICE prototype for a Si/W electromagnetic calorimeter has been tested in large scale test beams. Several million events with electrons and hadrons of different energies and impact angles have been recorded. The energy resolution has been measured to be (16.6 +- 0.1)%/sqrt(E(GeV)) for the stochastic and (1.1 +- 0.1)% for the constant term with a linearity within the 1% level. The next step will be the construction of a large scale prototype which will take realistic experimental costraints into account. This module will naturally benefit from the experience gained with the first prototype.
The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) is a space-borne high energy cosmic-ray and $gamma$-ray detector which operates smoothly since the launch on December 17, 2015. The bismuth germanium oxide (BGO) calorimeter is one of the key sub-detectors of DAMPE used for energy measurement and electron proton identification. For events with total energy deposit higher than decades of TeV, the readouts of PMTs coupled on the BGO crystals would become saturated, which results in an underestimation of the energy measurement. Based on detailed simulations, we develop a correction method for the saturation effect according to the shower development topologies and energies measured by neighbouring BGO crystals. The verification with simulated and on-orbit events shows that this method can well reconstruct the energy deposit in the saturated BGO crystal.
The Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter is made of two disks of un-doped parallelepiped CsI crystals readout by SiPM. There are 674 crystals in one disk and each crystal is readout by an array of two SiPM. The readout electronics is composed of two types of modules: 1) the front-end module hosts the shaping amplifier and the high voltage linear regulator; since one front-end module is interfaced to one SiPM, a total of 2696 modules are needed for the entire calorimeter; 2) a waveform digitizer provides a further level of amplification and digitizes the SiPM signal at the sampling frequency of $200 text{M}text{Hz}$ with 12-bits ADC resolution; since one board digitizes the data received from 20 SiPMs, a total of 136 boards are needed. The readout system operational conditions are hostile: ionization dose of $20 text{krads}$, neutron flux of $10^{12} mathrm{n}(1 text{MeVeq})/text{cm}^2$, magnetic field of $1 text{T}$ and in vacuum level of $10^{-4} text{Torr}$. A description of the readout system and qualification tests is reported.
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB e+e- collider in KEK, Japan does start physics data-taking from early of 2018 with primary physics goal that is to probe the New Physics effect using heavy quark and lepton weak decays. During trigger and DAQ operation upon beam collision, it is important that Belle II detector (Fig. 1) status have to be monitored in a process of data-taking against an unexpected situation. Slow control system, built in the Control System Studio (CSS) which is a GUI window design tool based on Eclipse, is one of monitoring and controlling systems in Belle II operation. Database and archiver servers are connected to slow control system. Experimental parameters are downloaded to Belle II main database server which is based on PostgreSQL. Real-time results are stored in archiver server which is based on EPICS (The Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System) archiver appliances and tomcat which is open-source java servlet container. In this study, we report the development of slow control system for the Belle II electromagnetic calorimeter (ECL) trigger system.
The BGO calorimeter, which provides a wide measurement range of the primary cosmic ray spectrum, is a key sub-detector of Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE). The readout electronics of calorimeter consists of 16 pieces of Actel ProASIC Plus FLASH-based FPGA, of which the design-level flip-flops and embedded block RAMs are single event upset (SEU) sensitive in the harsh space environment. Therefore to comply with radiation hardness assurance (RHA), SEU mitigation methods, including partial triple modular redundancy (TMR), CRC checksum, and multi-domain reset are analyzed and tested by the heavy-ion beam test. Composed of multi-level redundancy, a FPGA design with the characteristics of SEU tolerance and low resource consumption is implemented for the readout electronics.
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