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From the observed results, we deduced that the mass of the neutrino is about 10^(-1) eV and the mass of the fourth stable elementary particle (delta) is about 10^(0) eV. While neutrino is related to electro-weak field, the fourth stable elementary particle delta is related to gravitation-strong field, and some new meta-stable baryons may appear near the TeV region. Therefore, a twofold standard model diagram is proposed, and involves some experiment phenomena: The new meta-stable baryons decays produce delta particles, which are helpful in explaining the Dijet asymmetry phenomena at LHC of CERN, the different results for the Fermilabs data peak, etc; However, according to the (B-L) invariance, the sterile neutrino about the event excess in MiniBooNe is not the fourth neutrino but rather the delta particle; We think that the delta particles are related to the phenomenon about neutrinos FTL, and that anti-neutrinos are faster than neutrinos. FTL is also related to cosmic inflation, singular point disappearance, a finite universe, and abnormal red shift of SN Ia. Besides, the dark matter particles with low mass are helpful in explaining missing solar neutrinos, the CMB angular power spectrum measured by WMAP etc. Some experiments and observations are suggested, especially about the measurement for the speed of gravitational wave c. c and c, in physics, represent the limit speeds of moving particles made by different categories of matter with different Lorentz factors. Lorentz transformation is compatible with FTL. This will be helpful to look for new particles.
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In this work we definitely prove a possibility that Milgroms modified Newtonian dynamics, MOND, can be consistently interpreted as a theory with the modified kinetic terms of the usual Newtonain dynamics, simply called k-MOND. Precisely, we suggest only a functional dependence between inertial and gravitational mass tending toward identity in the limit of large accelerations (characteristic for Newtonian dynamics and its relativistic generalizations) but which behaves as a principal non-identity in the limit of small accelerations (smaller than Milgroms acceleration constant). This functional dependence implies a generalization of the kinetic terms (without any change of the gravitational potential energy terms) in the usual Newtonain dynamics including generalization of corresponding Lagrange formalism. Such generalized dynamics, k-MOND, is identical to Milgroms MOND. Also, mentioned k-MOND distinction between inertial and gravitational mass would be formally treated as dark matter.
We extend mass scale sequence to a mass tree. From mass tree, the evolution of the universe is described by three stages: chaos, inflation and expansion. The first two stages have c mutations and the inflation appears as a step by step fission process of black holes. The dark matter particles with low mass (neutrino and delta particle) are described in a dual SM or two-fold SM with new symmetry and new interaction, and delta-particle is like inert neutrino but has baryon number (L-B conservation). We emphasize how to search for delta-particle, how to research critical energy, critical density, background particles, and spherical universe. Critical density relates to a type of pseudo-balance black holes (or celestial bodies). Suppose the minimum black hole radius equal to proton radius means we live in a spherical universe, which belong to a big universe, mainly characterized by proton.
The SuperCDMS experiment is designed to directly detect weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) that may constitute the dark matter in our Galaxy. During its operation at the Soudan Underground Laboratory, germanium detectors were run in the CDMSlite mode to gather data sets with sensitivity specifically for WIMPs with masses ${<}$10 GeV/$c^2$. In this mode, a higher detector-bias voltage is applied to amplify the phonon signals produced by drifting charges. This paper presents studies of the experimental noise and its effect on the achievable energy threshold, which is demonstrated to be as low as 56 eV$_{text{ee}}$ (electron equivalent energy). The detector-biasing configuration is described in detail, with analysis corrections for voltage variations to the level of a few percent. Detailed studies of the electric-field geometry, and the resulting successful development of a fiducial parameter, eliminate poorly measured events, yielding an energy resolution ranging from ${sim}$9 eV$_{text{ee}}$ at 0 keV to 101 eV$_{text{ee}}$ at ${sim}$10 eV$_{text{ee}}$. New results are derived for astrophysical uncertainties relevant to the WIMP-search limits, specifically examining how they are affected by variations in the most probable WIMP velocity and the Galactic escape velocity. These variations become more important for WIMP masses below 10 GeV/$c^2$. Finally, new limits on spin-dependent low-mass WIMP-nucleon interactions are derived, with new parameter space excluded for WIMP masses $lesssim$3 GeV/$c^2$
The EDELWEISS collaboration has performed a search for dark matter particles with masses below the GeV-scale with a 33.4-g germanium cryogenic detector operated in a surface lab. The energy deposits were measured using a neutron-transmutation-doped Ge thermal sensor with a 17.7~eV (RMS) baseline heat energy resolution leading to a 60~eV analysis energy threshold. Despite a moderate lead shielding and the high-background environment, the first sub-GeV spin-independent dark matter limit based on a germanium target has been achieved. The experiment provides the most stringent, nuclear recoil based, above-ground limit on spin-independent interactions above 600~MeV/c$^{2}$. The experiment also provides the most stringent limits on spin-dependent interactions with protons and neutrons below 1.3~GeV/c$^{2}$. Furthermore, the dark matter search results were studied in the context of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles, taking into account Earth-shielding effects, for which new regions of the available parameter space have been excluded. Finally, the dark matter search has also been extended to interactions via the Migdal effect, resulting for the first time in the exclusion of particles with masses between 45 and 150~MeV/c$^{2}$ with spin-independent cross sections ranging from $10^{-29}$ to $10^{-26}$~cm$^2$.
Recently, the gravitational polarization of the quantum vacuum was proposed as alternative to the dark matter paradigm. In the present paper we consider four benchmark measurements: the universality of the central surface density of galaxy dark matter haloes, the cored dark matter haloes in dwarf spheroidal galaxies, the non-existence of dark disks in spiral galaxies and distribution of dark matter after collision of clusters of galaxies (the Bullet cluster is a famous example). Only some of these phenomena (but not all of them) can (in principle) be explained by the dark matter and the theories of modified gravity. However, we argue that the framework of the gravitational polarization of the quantum vacuum allows the understanding of the totality of these phenomena.
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