We study Fredholm determinants related to a family of kernels which describe the edge eigenvalue behavior in unitary random matrix models with critical edge points. The kernels are natural higher order analogues of the Airy kernel and are built out of functions associated with the Painleve I hierarchy. The Fredholm determinants related to those kernels are higher order generalizations of the Tracy-Widom distribution. We give an explicit expression for the determinants in terms of a distinguished smooth solution to the Painleve II hierarchy. In addition we compute large gap asymptotics for the Fredholm determinants.
We determine completely the Tracy-Widom distribution for Dysons beta-ensemble with beta=6. The problem of the Tracy-Widom distribution of beta-ensemble for general beta>0 has been reduced to find out a bounded solution of the Bloemendal-Virag equation with a specified boundary. Rumanov proposed a Lax pair approach to solve the Bloemendal-Virag equation for even integer beta. He also specially studied the beta=6 case with his approach and found a second order nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) for the logarithmic derivative of the Tracy-Widom distribution for bea=6. Grava et al. continued to study beta=6 and found Rumanovs Lax pair is gauge equivalent to that of Painleve II in this case. They started with Rumanovs basic idea and came down to two auxiliary functions {alpha}(t) and q_2(t), which satisfy a coupled first-order ODE. The open question by Grava et al. asks whether a global smooth solution of the ODE with boundary condition {alpha}(infty)=0 and q_2(infty)=1 exists. By studying the linear equation that is associated with q_2 and {alpha}, we give a positive answer to the open question. Moreover, we find that the solutions of the ODE with {alpha}(infty)=0 and q_2(infty)=1 are parameterized by c_1 and c_2 . Not all c_1 and c_2 give global smooth solutions. But if (c_1, c_2) in R_{smooth}, where R_{smooth} is a large region containing (0,0), they do give. We prove the constructed solution is a bounded solution of the Bloemendal-Virag equation with the required boundary condition if and only if (c_1,c_2)=(0,0).
We study the Cauchy problem for the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) hierarchy in the small dispersion limit where $eto 0$. For negative analytic initial data with a single negative hump, we prove that for small times, the solution is approximated by the solution to the hyperbolic transport equation which corresponds to $e=0$. Near the time of gradient catastrophe for the transport equation, we show that the solution to the KdV hierarchy is approximated by a particular Painleve transcendent. This supports Dubrovins universality conjecture concerning the critical behavior of Hamiltonian perturbations of hyperbolic equations. We use the Riemann-Hilbert approach to prove our results.
We consider TASEP in continuous time with non-random initial conditions and arbitrary fixed density of particles rho. We show GOE Tracy-Widom universality of the one-point fluctuations of the associated height function. The result phrased in last passage percolation language is the universality for the point-to-line problem where the line has an arbitrary slope.
We present four infinite families of mutually commuting difference operators which include the deformed elliptic Ruijsenaars operators. The trigonometric limit of this kind of operators was previously introduced by Feigin and Silantyev. They provide a quantum mechanical description of two kinds of relativistic quantum mechanical particles which can be identified with particles and anti-particles in an underlying quantum field theory. We give direct proofs of the commutativity of our operators and of some other fundamental properties such as kernel function identities. In particular, we give a rigorous proof of the quantum integrability of the deformed Ruijsenaars model.
Iorgov, Lisovyy, and Teschner established a connection between isomonodromic deformation of linear differential equations and Liouville conformal field theory at $c=1$. In this paper we present a $q$ analog of their construction. We show that the general solution of the $q$-Painleve VI equation is a ratio of four tau functions, each of which is given by a combinatorial series arising in the AGT correspondence. We also propose conjectural bilinear equations for the tau functions.