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Register a new userUniversal Forces and the Dark Energy Problem
القوى العالمية ومشكلة الطاقة المظلمة
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Authors
Afsar Abbas
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إن مشكلة الطاقة المظلمة يجب علينا إعادة النظر في نماذجنا وفهمنا للنسبية والفضاء والزمن. هنا يتم تقديم فكرة جديدة للقوى الأساسية. وهذا يسمح لنا بالحديث عن نظرية النسبية العامة ومعادلة إينشتاين من منظور جديد. بالإضافة إلى توفير لنا فهم أفضل للفضاء والزمن، سيتم إظهار كيف يؤدي ذلك إلى حل مشكلة الطاقة المظلمة.
The Dark Energy problem is forcing us to re-examine our models and our understanding of relativity and space-time. Here a novel idea of Fundamental Forces is introduced. This allows us to perceive the General Theory of Relativity and Einsteins Equation from a new pesrpective. In addition to providing us with an improved understanding of space and time, it will be shown how it leads to a resolution of the Dark Energy problem.
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The cosmological constant problem is the principal obstacle in the attempt to interpret dark energy as the quantum vacuum energy. We suggest that the obstacle can be removed, i.e. that the cosmological constant problem can be resolved by assuming that the virtual particles and antiparticles in the quantum vacuum have the gravitational charge of the opposite sign. The corresponding estimates of the cosmological constant, dark energy density and the equation of state for dark energy are in the intriguing agreement with the observed values in the present day Universe. However, our approach and the Standard Cosmology lead to very different predictions for the future of the Universe; the exponential growth of the scale factor, predicted by the Standard Cosmology, is suppressed in our model.
Are Dark Matter and Dark Energy the result of uncalculated addition derivatives? The need to introduce dark matter dark and energy becomes unnecessary if we consider that, the phenomenon of dark matter and dark energy is a result of not computing the additional derivatives of the equation of motion. For this purpose, we use higher derivatives in the form of non-local variables, known as the Ostrogradsky formalism. As a mathematician, Ostrogradsky considered the dependence of the Lagrange function on acceleration and its higher derivatives with respect to time. This is the case that fully correspond with the real frame of reference, and that can be both inertial and non-inertial frames. The problem of dark matter and dark energy presented starting from basic observations to explain the different results in theory and experiment. The study of galactic motion, especially the rotation curves, showed that a large amount of dark matter can be found mainly in galactic halos. The search for dark matter and dark energy has not confirmed with the experimental discovery of it, so we use Ostrogradsky formalities to explain the effects described above, so that the need to introduce dark matter and dark energy disappears.
One of the most important concepts in logic and the foundations of mathematics may be useful in providing an explanation for the cosmological constant problem. A connection between self-reference and consciousness has been previously discussed due to their similar nature of making a reference to itself. Vacuum observation has the property of self-reference and consciousness in the sense that the observer is observing ones own reference frame of energy. In this paper, the cyclical loop model of self-reference is applied to the vacuum observation, such that the discrepancy between the energy density resulting from the first part of the causal loop (i.e., the classical irreversible computation of the observers reference frame) and the other part of the causal loop (i.e., nondeterministic quantum evolution) corresponds to 10^(123). This effectively provides a consistent explanation of the difference between the observed and the theoretical values of the vacuum energy, namely, the cosmological constant problem.
A quantum field theory has finite zero-point energy if the sum over all boson modes $b$ of the $n$th power of the boson mass $ m_b^n $ equals the sum over all fermion modes $f$ of the $n$th power of the fermion mass $ m_f^n $ for $n= 0$, 2, and 4. The zero-point energy of a theory that satisfies these three conditions with otherwise random masses is huge compared to the density of dark energy. But if in addition to satisfying these conditions, the sum of $m_b^4 log m_b/mu$ over all boson modes $b$ equals the sum of $ m_f^4 log m_f/mu $ over all fermion modes $f$, then the zero-point energy of the theory is zero. The value of the mass parameter $mu$ is irrelevant in view of the third condition ($n=4$). The particles of the standard model do not remotely obey any of these four conditions. But an inclusive theory that describes the particles of the standard model, the particles of dark matter, and all particles that have not yet been detected might satisfy all four conditions if pseudomasses are associated with the mean values in the vacuum of the divergences of the interactions of the inclusive model. Dark energy then would be the finite potential energy of the inclusive theory.
Accepting the Komar mass definition of a source with energy-momentum tensor $T_{mu u}$, and using the thermodynamic pressure definition, we find a relaxed energy-momentum conservation law. Thereinafter, we study some cosmological consequences of the obtained energy-momentum conservation law. It has been found out that the dark sectors of cosmos are unifiable into one cosmic fluid in our setup. While this cosmic fluid impels the universe to enter an accelerated expansion phase, it may even show a baryonic behavior by itself during the cosmos evolution. Indeed, in this manner, while $T_{mu u}$ behaves baryonically, some parts of it, namely $T_{mu u}(e)$ which is satisfying the ordinary energy-momentum conservation law, are responsible for the current accelerated expansion.
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