No Arabic abstract
In this paper we consider generalization of procedure of construction of potential systems for systems of partial differential equations with multidimensional spaces of conservation laws. More precisely, for construction of potential systems in cases when dimension of the space of local conservation laws is greater than one, instead of using only basis conservation laws we use their arbitrary linear combinations being inequivalent with respect to equivalence group of the class of systems or symmetry group of the fixed system. It appears that the basis conservation laws can be equivalent with respect to groups of symmetry or equivalence transformations, or vice versa, the number of independent in this sense linear combinations of conservation laws can be grater than the dimension of the space of conservation laws. The first possibility leads to an unnecessary, often cumbersome, investigation of equivalent systems, the second one makes possible missing a great number of inequivalent potential systems. Examples of all these possibilities are given.
We prove that potential conservation laws have characteristics depending only on local variables if and only if they are induced by local conservation laws. Therefore, characteristics of pure potential conservation laws have to essentially depend on potential variables. This statement provides a significant generalization of results of the recent paper by Bluman, Cheviakov and Ivanova [J. Math. Phys., 2006, V.47, 113505]. Moreover, we present extensions to gauged potential systems, Abelian and general coverings and general foliated systems of differential equations. An example illustrating possible applications of proved statements is considered. A special version of the Hadamard lemma for fiber bundles and the notions of weighted jet spaces are proposed as new tools for the investigation of potential conservation laws.
We carry out an extensive investigation of conservation laws and potential symmetries for the class of linear (1+1)-dimensional second-order parabolic equations. The group classification of this class is revised by employing admissible transformations, the notion of normalized classes of differential equations and the adjoint variational principle. All possible potential conservation laws are described completely. They are in fact exhausted by local conservation laws. For any equation from the above class the characteristic space of local conservation laws is isomorphic to the solution set of the adjoint equation. Effective criteria for the existence of potential symmetries are proposed. Their proofs involve a rather intricate interplay between different representations of potential systems, the notion of a potential equation associated with a tuple of characteristics, prolongation of the equivalence group to the whole potential frame and application of multiple dual Darboux transformations. Based on the tools developed, a preliminary analysis of generalized potential symmetries is carried out and then applied to substantiate our construction of potential systems. The simplest potential symmetries of the linear heat equation, which are associated with single conservation laws, are classified with respect to its point symmetry group. Equations possessing infinite series of potential symmetry algebras are studied in detail.
We consider the system of particles with equal charges and nearest neighbour Coulomb interaction on the interval. We study local properties of this system, in particular the distribution of distances between neighbouring charges. For zero temperature case there is sufficiently complete picture and we give a short review. For Gibbs distribution the situation is more difficult and we present two related results.
We consider the nonlinear equations obtained from soliton equations by adding self-consistent sources. We demonstrate by using as an example the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation that such equations on periodic functions are not isospectral. They deform the spectral curve but preserve the multipliers of the Floquet functions. The latter property implies that the conservation laws, for soliton equations, which may be described in terms of the Floquet multipliers give rise to conservation laws for the corresponding equations with self-consistent sources. Such a property was first observed by us for some geometrical flow which appears in the conformal geometry of tori in three- and four-dimensional Euclidean spaces (math/0611215).
We study four particular 3-dimensional natural Hamiltonian systems defined in conformally Euclidean spaces. We prove their superintegrability and we obtain, in the four cases, the maximal number of functionally independent integrals of motion. The two first systems are related to the 3-dimensional isotropic oscillator and the superintegrability is quadratic. The third system is obtained as a continuous deformation of an oscillator with ratio of frequencies 1:1:2 and with three additional nonlinear terms of the form $k_2/x^2$, $k_3/y^2$ and $k_4/z^2$, and the fourth system is obtained as a deformation of the Kepler Hamiltonian also with these three particular nonlinear terms. These third and fourth systems are superintegrable but with higher-order constants of motion. The four systems depend on a real parameter in such a way that they are continuous functions of the parameter (in a certain domain of the parameter) and in the limit of such parameter going to zero the Euclidean dynamics is recovered.