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Register a new userA parameter study of self-consistent disk models around Herbig AeBe stars
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We present a parameter study of self-consistent models of protoplanetary disks around Herbig AeBe stars. We use the code developed by Dullemond and Dominik, which solves the 2D radiative transfer problem including an iteration for the vertical hydrostatic structure of the disk. This grid of models will be used for several studies on disk emission and mineralogy in followup papers. In this paper we take a first look on the new models, compare them with previous modeling attempts and focus on the effects of various parameters on the overall structure of the SED that leads to the classification of Herbig AeBe stars into two groups, with a flaring (group I) or self-shadowed (group II) SED. We find that the parameter of overriding importance to the SED is the total mass in grains smaller than 25um, confirming the earlier results by Dullemond and Dominik. All other parameters studied have only minor influences, and will alter the SED type only in borderline cases. We find that there is no natural dichotomy between group I and II. From a modeling point of view, the transition is a continuous function of the small dust mass. We also show that moderate grain growth produces spectra with weak or no 1um feature, both for flaring (Group I) and non-flaring (Group II) sources. The fact that sources with weak features have been found mostly in Group I sources is therefore surprising and must be due to observational biases or evolutionary effects.
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We present high resolution (R = 100,000) L-band spectroscopy of 11 Herbig AeBe stars with circumstellar disks. The observations were obtained with the VLT/CRIRES to detect hot water and hydroxyl radical emission lines previously detected in disks around T Tauri stars. OH emission lines are detected towards 4 disks. The OH P4.5 (1+,1-) doublet is spectrally resolved as well as the velocity profile of each component of the doublet. Its characteristic double-peak profile demonstrates that the gas is in Keplerian rotation and points to an emitting region extending out to ~ 15-30 AU. The OH, emission correlates with disk geometry as it is mostly detected towards flaring disks. None of the Herbig stars analyzed here show evidence of hot water vapor at a sensitivity similar to that of the OH lines. The non-detection of hot water vapor emission indicates that the atmosphere of disks around Herbig AeBe stars are depleted of water molecules. Assuming LTE and optically thin emission we derive a lower limit to the OH/H2O column density ratio > 1 - 25 in contrast to T Tauri disks for which the column density ratio is 0.3 -- 0.4.
We present spectra of a sample of Herbig Ae and Be (HAeBe) stars obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph on the Spitzer Space Telescope. All but one of the Herbig stars show emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and seven of the spectra show PAH emission, but no silicate emission at 10 microns. The central wavelengths of the 6.2, 7.7--8.2, and 11.3 micron emission features decrease with stellar temperature, indicating that the PAHs are less photo-processed in cooler radiation fields. The apparent low level of photo processing in HAeBe stars, relative to other PAH emission sources, implies that the PAHs are newly exposed to the UV-optical radiation fields from their host stars. HAeBe stars show a variety of PAH emission intensities and ionization fractions, but a narrow range of PAH spectral classifications based on positions of major PAH feature centers. This may indicate that, regardless of their locations relative to the stars, the PAH molecules are altered by the same physical processes in the proto-planetary disks of intermediate-mass stars. Analysis of the mid-IR spectral energy distributions indicates that our sample likely includes both radially flared and more flattened/settled disk systems, but we do not see the expected correlation of overall PAH emission with disk geometry. We suggest that the strength of PAH emission from HAeBe stars may depend not only on the degree of radial flaring, but also on the abundance of PAHs in illuminated regions of the disks and possibly on the vertical structure of the inner disk as well.
By virtue of their young age and intermediate mass, Herbig AeBe stars represent a cornerstone for our understanding of the mass-dependency of both the stellar and planetary formation processes. In this contribution, I review the current state-of-the-art multiplicity surveys of Herbig AeBe stars to assess both the overall frequency of companions and the distribution of key orbital parameters (separation, mass ratio and eccentricity). In a second part, I focus on the interplay between the multiplicity of Herbig AeBe stars and the presence and properties of their protoplanetary disks. Overall, it appears that both star and planet formation in the context of intermediate-mass stars proceeds following similar mechanisms as lower-mass stars.
We have acquired sub-millimeter observations of 33 fields containing 37 Herbig Ae/Be (HAEBE) stars or potential HAEBE stars, including SCUBA maps of all but two of these stars. Nine target stars show extended dust emission. The other 18 are unresolved, suggesting that the dust envelopes or disks around these stars are less than a few arcseconds in angular size. In several cases we find that the strongest sub-millimeter emission originates from younger, heavily embedded sources rather than from the HAEBE star, which means that previous models must be viewed with caution. These new data, in combination with far-infrared flux measurements available in the literature, yield SEDs from far-infrared to millimeter wavelengths for all the observed objects. Isothermal fits to these SEDs demonstrate excellent fits, in most cases, to the flux densities longward of 100 {mu}m. We find that a smaller proportion of B-type stars than A and F-type stars are surrounded by circumstellar disks, suggesting that disks around B stars dissipate on shorter time scales than those around later spectral types. Our models also reveal that the mass of the circumstellar material and the value of beta are correlated, with low masses corresponding to low values of beta. Since low values of beta imply large grain sizes, our results suggest that a large fraction of the mass in low-beta sources is locked up in very large grains. Several of the isolated HAEBE stars have disks with very flat sub-millimeter SEDs. These disks may be on the verge of forming planetary systems.
We present 7 mm and 3.5 cm wavelength continuum observations toward the Herbig AeBe star HD169142 performed with the Very Large Array (VLA) with an angular resolution of ~1. We find that this object exhibits strong (~4.4 mJy), unresolved (~1) 7 mm continuum emission, being one of the brightest isolated Herbig AeBe stars ever detected with the VLA at this wavelength. No emission is detected at 3.5 cm continuum, with a 3 sigma upper limit of ~0.08 mJy. From these values, we obtain a spectral index of ~2.5 in the 3.5 cm to 7 mm wavelength range, indicating that the observed flux density at 7mm is most likely dominated by thermal dust emission coming from a circumstellar disc. We use available photometric data from the literature to model the spectral energy distribution (SED) of this object from radio to near-ultraviolet frequencies. The observed SED can be understood in terms of an irradiated accretion disc with low mass accretion rate, 10^{-8} solar masses per year, surrounding a star with an age of ~10 Myr. We infer that the mass of the disc is ~0.04 solar masses, and is populated by dust grains that have grown to a maximum size of 1 mm everywhere, consistent with the lack of silicate emission at 10 microns. These features, as well as indications of settling in the wall at the dust destruction radius, led us to speculate the disc of HD169142 is in an advanced stage of dust evolution, particularly in its inner regions.
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