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Register a new userCollision of a sphere onto a wall coated with a liquid film
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Particle-particle and particle-wall collisions occur in many natural and industrial applications such as sedimentation, agglomeration, and granular flows. To accurately predict the behavior of particulate flows, fundamental knowledge of the mechanisms of a single collision is required. In this fluid dynamics video, particle-wall collisions onto a wall coated with 1.5% poly(ethylene-oxide) (PEO) (viscoelastic liquid) and 80% Glycerol and water (Newtonian liquid) are shown.
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We study experimentally the collision between a sphere falling through a viscous fluid, and a solid plate below. It is known that there is a well-defined threshold Stokes number above which the sphere rebounds from such a collision. Our experiment tests for direct contact between the colliding bodies, and contrary to prior theoretical predictions, shows that solid-on-solid contact occurs even for Stokes numbers just above the threshold for rebounding. The dissipation is fluid-dominated, though details of the contact mechanics depend on the surface and bulk properties of the solids. Our experiments and a model calculation indicate that mechanical contact between the two colliding objects is generic and will occur for any realistic surface roughness.
Hard particle erosion and cavitation damage are two main wear problems that can affect the internal components of hydraulic machinery such as hydraulic turbines or pumps. If both problems synergistically act together, the damage can be more severe and result in high maintenance costs. In this work, a study of the interaction of hard particles and cavitation bubbles is developed to understand their interactive behavior. Experimental tests and numerical simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were performed. Experimentally, a cavitation bubble was generated with an electric spark near a solid surface, and its interaction with hard particles of different sizes and materials was observed using a high-speed camera. A simplified analytical approach was developed to model the behavior of the particles near the bubble interface during its collapse. Computationally, we simulated an air bubble that grew and collapsed near a solid wall while interacting with one particle near the bubble interface. Several simulations with different conditions were made and validated with the experimental data. The experimental data obtained from particles above the bubble were consistent with the numerical results and analytical study. The particle size, density and position of the particle with respect to the bubble interface strongly affected the maximum velocity of the particles.
In this work we study the effect of the Enskog collision terms on the steady shock transitions in the supersonic flow of a hard sphere gas. We start by examining one-dimensional, nonlinear, nondispersive planar wave solutions of the Enskog-Navier-Stokes equations, which move in a fixed direction at a constant speed. By further equating the speed of the reference frame with the speed of such a wave, we reduce the Enskog-Navier-Stokes equations into a more simple system of two ordinary differential equations, whose solutions depend on a single scalar spatial variable. We then observe that this system has two fixed points, which are taken to be the states of the gas before and after the shock, and compute the corresponding shock transition in the form of the heteroclinic orbit connecting these two states. We find that the Enskog correction affects both the difference between the fixed points, and the thickness of the transition. In particular, for a given state of the gas before the shock transition, the difference between the fixed points is reduced, while the shock thickness is increased, with the relative impact on the properties of transition being more prominent at low Mach numbers. We also compute the speed of sound in the Enskog-Navier-Stokes equations, and find that, for the same thermodynamic state, it is somewhat faster than that in the conventional Navier-Stokes equations, with an additional dependence on the density of the gas.
We study the dynamic wetting of a self-propelled viscous droplet using the time-dependent lubrication equation on a conical-shaped substrate for different cone radii, cone angles and slip lengths. The droplet velocity is found to increase with the cone angle and the slip length, but decrease with the cone radius. We show that a film is formed at the receding part of the droplet, much like the classical Landau-Levich-Derjaguin (LLD) film. The film thickness $h_f$ is found to decrease with the slip length $lambda$. By using the approach of matching asymptotic profiles in the film region and the quasi-static droplet, we obtain the same film thickness as the results from the lubrication approach for all slip lengths. We identify two scaling laws for the asymptotic regimes: $h_fh_o sim Ca^{2/3}$ for $lambdall h_f$ and $h_f h^{3}_osim (Ca/lambda)^2$ for $lambdagg h_f$, here $1/h_o$ is a characteristic length at the receding contact line and $Ca$ is the capillary number. We compare the position and the shape of the droplet predicted from our continuum theory with molecular dynamics simulations, which are in close agreement. Our results show that manipulating the droplet size, the cone angle and the slip length provides different schemes for guiding droplet motion and coating the substrate with a film.
It was recently claimed by Bhagat et al. (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 851 (2018), R5) that the scientific literature on the circular hydraulic jump in a thin liquid film is flawed by improper treatment and severe underestimation of the influence of surface tension. Bhagat {em et al.} use an energy equation with a new surface energy term that is introduced without reference, and they conclude that the location of the hydraulic jump is determined by surface tension alone. We show that this approach is incorrect and derive a corrected energy equation. Proper treatment of surface tension in thin film flows is of general interest beyond hydraulic jumps, and we show that the effect of surface tension is fully contained in the Laplace pressure due to the curvature of the surface. Following the same approach as Bhagat et al., i.e., keeping only the first derivative of the surface velocity, the influence of surface tension is, for thin films, much smaller than claimed by them. We further describe the influence of viscosity in thin film flows, and we conclude by discussing the distinction between time-dependent and stationary hydraulic jumps.
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