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Register a new userA Functional Model of Development and Expression in an Artificial Organism
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Alessandro Fontana
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This paper is placed at the intersection-point between the study of theoretical computational models aimed at capturing the essence of genetic regulatory networks and the field of Artificial Embryology (or Computational Development). A model is proposed, with the objective of providing an effective way to generate arbitrary forms by using evolutionary-developmental techniques. Preliminary experiments have been performed.
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We present a model of decentralized growth for Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) inspired by the development and the physiology of real nervous systems. In this model, each individual artificial neuron is an autonomous unit whose behavior is determined only by the genetic information it harbors and local concentrations of substrates modeled by a simple artificial chemistry. Gene expression is manifested as axon and dendrite growth, cell division and differentiation, substrate production and cell stimulation. We demonstrate the models power with a hand-written genome that leads to the growth of a simple network which performs classical conditioning. To evolve more complex structures, we implemented a platform-independent, asynchronous, distributed Genetic Algorithm (GA) that allows users to participate in evolutionary experiments via the World Wide Web.
Self-organization can be broadly defined as the ability of a system to display ordered spatio-temporal patterns solely as the result of the interactions among the system components. Processes of this kind characterize both living and artificial systems, making self-organization a concept that is at the basis of several disciplines, from physics to biology and engineering. Placed at the frontiers between disciplines, Artificial Life (ALife) has heavily borrowed concepts and tools from the study of self-organization, providing mechanistic interpretations of life-like phenomena as well as useful constructivist approaches to artificial system design. Despite its broad usage within ALife, the concept of self-organization has been often excessively stretched or misinterpreted, calling for a clarification that could help with tracing the borders between what can and cannot be considered self-organization. In this review, we discuss the fundamental aspects of self-organization and list the main usages within three primary ALife domains, namely soft (mathematical/computational modeling), hard (physical robots), and wet (chemical/biological systems) ALife. We also provide a classification to locate this research. Finally, we discuss the usefulness of self-organization and related concepts within ALife studies, point to perspectives and challenges for future research, and list open questions. We hope that this work will motivate discussions related to self-organization in ALife and related fields.
I analyse a model of an evolving network represented as a directed graph; each node corresponds to one molecular species and the links to catalytic interactions between species. Over short timescales the graph remains fixed while relative populations of the molecular species change according to a set of coupled differential equations. Over long timescales the system is subject to periodic perturbations, each of which adds one new node to the graph, with random links to other nodes, and removes one node with the least relative population. Starting from a sparse random graph, a small autocatalytic set (ACS) inevitably forms and then grows by accreting nodes until it spans the entire graph. The resultant fully autocatalytic graph, whose probability of forming by pure chance is very small, nevertheless forms in this model in an average time that grows only logarithmically with the size of the system. ACSs can also get destroyed, often accompanied by the sudden extinction of a large number of species. I show that the largest of the extinction events in this model are caused by one of three mechanisms, each of which produces a specific discontinuous change in the graphs topology. The model is analytically tractable: two theorems are proved which determine the set of nodes with least relative population in the attractor, for any given graph. This in turn can be used to analytically demonstrate the inevitability of the formation and growth of ACSs and calculate the associated timescales. Finally, I show that the formation and growth of ACSs is robust to the relaxation of many of the idealizations made to enhance the analytical tractability of the model.
Despite the significance of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm to market segmentation, there is a need of a comprehensive literature review and a classification system for it towards identification of future trend of market segmentation research. The present work is the first identifiable academic literature review of the application of neural network based techniques to segmentation. Our study has provided an academic database of literature between the periods of 2000-2010 and proposed a classification scheme for the articles. One thousands (1000) articles have been identified, and around 100 relevant selected articles have been subsequently reviewed and classified based on the major focus of each paper. Findings of this study indicated that the research area of ANN based applications are receiving most research attention and self organizing map based applications are second in position to be used in segmentation. The commonly used models for market segmentation are data mining, intelligent system etc. Our analysis furnishes a roadmap to guide future research and aid knowledge accretion and establishment pertaining to the application of ANN based techniques in market segmentation. Thus the present work will significantly contribute to both the industry and academic research in business and marketing as a sustainable valuable knowledge source of market segmentation with the future trend of ANN application in segmentation.
The causes of major and rapid transitions observed in biological macroevolution as well as in the evolution of social systems are a subject of much debate. Here we identify the proximate causes of crashes and recoveries that arise dynamically in a model system in which populations of (molecular) species co-evolve with their network of chemical interactions. Crashes are events that involve the rapid extinction of many species and recoveries the assimilation of new ones. These are analyzed and classified in terms of the structural properties of the network. We find that in the absence of large external perturbation, `innovation is a major cause of large extinctions and the prime cause of recoveries. Another major cause of crashes is the extinction of a `keystone species. Different classes of causes produce crashes of different characteristic sizes.
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