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Register a new userGMASS Ultradeep Spectroscopy of Galaxies at z~2. III: The emergence of the color bimodality at z~2
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The aim of this work is to study the evolution of the rest frame color distribution of galaxies with the redshift, in particular in the critical interval 1.4<z<3. We combine ultradeep spectroscopy from the GMASS project (Galaxy Mass Assembly ultradeep Spectroscopic Survey) with GOODS multi-band photometry (from optical to mid-infrared) to study a sample of 1021 galaxies up to m(4.5$mu$m)=23. We find that the distribution of galaxies in the (U-B) color vs stellar mass plane is bimodal up to at least redshift z=2. We define a mass complete sample of galaxies residing on the red-sequence, selecting objects with log(M/M_{odot})>10.1, and we study their morphological and spectro-photometric properties. We show that the contribution to this sample of early-type galaxies, defined as galaxies with a spheroidal morphology and no star formation, decreases from 60-70% at z<0.5 down to ~50% at redshift z=2. At z>2 we still find red galaxies in the mass complete sample, even if the bimodality is not seen any more. About 25% of these red galaxies at z>2 are passively evolving, with the bulk of their stars formed at redshift z>`3.
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Context: Galaxy metallicities have been measured to redshift z~2 by gas-phase oxygen abundances of the interstellar medium using the R23 and N2 methods. Galaxy stellar metallicities provide crucial data for chemical evolution models but have not been assessed reliably much outside the local Universe. Aims: We determine the iron-abundance, stellar metallicity of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at redshift z~2, observed as part of the Galaxy Mass Assembly ultra-deep Spectroscopic Survey (GMASS). Methods: We compute the equivalent width of a rest-frame mid-ultraviolet, photospheric absorption-line index, the 1978 index found to vary monotonically with stellar metallicity by Rix and collaborators. We normalise and combine 75 SFG spectra from the GMASS survey to produce a spectrum corresponding to a total integration time 1652.5 hours (and a signal-to-noise ratio ~100 for our 1.5 angstrom binning) of FORS2 spectroscopic observations at the Very Large Telescope. Results: We measure an iron-abundance, stellar metallicity of log (Z/Zsolar) = -0.574+/-0.159 for our spectrum representative of a galaxy of stellar mass 9.4 x 10^9 Msolar assuming a Chabrier IMF. We find that the R04 model SFG spectrum for log (Z/Zsolar) = -0.699 solar metallicity provides the best description of our GMASS coadded spectrum. For similar galaxy stellar mass, our stellar metallicity is ~0.25 dex lower than the oxygen-abundance, gas-phase metallicity quantified by Erb and collaborators for UV-selected star-forming galaxies at z=2. Conclusions: We conclude that we are witnessing the establishment of a light-element overabundance in galaxies as they are being formed at redshift z~2. Our measurements are reminiscent of the alpha-element enhancement seen in low-redshift, galactic bulges and early-type galaxies. (Abridged)
The properties of dust attenuation at rest-frame UV wavelengths are inferred from very high-quality FORS2 spectra of 78 galaxies from the GMASS survey at 1<z<2.5. These objects complement a previously investigated sample of 108 UV-luminous galaxies at similar redshifts, selected from the FDF spectroscopic survey, the K20 survey, and the GDDS. The shape of the UV extinction curve is constrained by a parametric description of the rest-frame UV continuum. The UV bump is further characterised by fitting Lorentzian-like profiles. Spectra exhibit a significant 2175A feature in at least 30% of the cases. If attenuation is dominated by dust ejected from the galaxy main body via superwinds, UV extinction curves in-between those of the SMC and LMC characterise the sample galaxies. The fraction of galaxies with extinction curves differing from the SMC one increases, if more dust resides in the galactic plane or dust attenuation depends on stellar age. On average, the width of the manifested UV bumps is about 60% of the values typical of the LMC and Milky Way. This suggests the presence of dust similar to that found in the LMC2 supershell close to 30Dor. The presence of the carriers of the UV bump at 1<z<2.5 argues for outflows from AGB stars being copious then. Consistent with their higher SFRs, the GMASS galaxies with a manifested UV bump are more luminous at rest-frame 8mum, where the emission is dominated by PAHs (also products of AGB stars). In addition, they exhibit stronger UV absorption features, mostly of interstellar origin, which indicates overall more evolved stellar populations. We conclude that diversification of the small-size dust component has already started in the most evolved star-forming systems at 1<z<2.5.
We combine ultradeep optical spectroscopy from the GMASS project (Galaxy Mass Assembly ultradeep Spectroscopic Survey) with GOODS multi-band photometry and HST imaging to study a sample of passive galaxiesat 1.39<z<1.99 selected at 4.5 microns. A stacked spectrum with an equivalent integration time of ~500 hours was obtained is publicly released. The spectral and photometric SED properties indicate very weak or absent star formation, moderately old stellar ages of ~1 Gyr (for solar metallicity) and stellar masses in the range of 10^{10-11} solar masses, thus implying that the major star formation and assembly processes for these galaxies occurred at z>2. These galaxies have morphologies that are predominantly compact and spheroidal.However, their sizes (R_e <~ 1 kpc) are much smaller than those of spheroids in the present--day Universe. Their stellar mass surface densities are consequently higher by ~1 dex if compared to spheroids at z~0 with the same mass. Their rest-frame B-band surface brightness scales with the effective radius, but the offset with respect to the surface brightness of the local Kormendy relation is too large to be explained by simple passive evolution. At z~1, a larger fraction of passive galaxies follows the z~0 size -- mass relation. Superdense relics with R_e~1 kpc are extremely rare at z~0 with respect to z>1, and absent if R_e<1 kpc. Because of the similar sizes and mass densities, we suggest that the superdense passive galaxies at 1<z<2 are the remnants of the powerful starbursts occurring in submillimeter--selected galaxies at z>2. The results are compared with theoretical models and the main implications discussed in the framework of massive galaxy formation and evolution.
We use rest-frame UV spectroscopy to investigate the properties related to large-scale gas outflows, and to the dust extinction and star-formation rates of a sample of z ~ 2 star-forming galaxies from the Galaxy Mass Assembly ultradeep Spectroscopic Survey (GMASS). Dust extinction is estimated from the rest-frame UV continuum slope and used to obtain dust-corrected star-formation rates for the galaxies of the sample. For the entire sample, a mean value of the continuum slope <beta> = -1.11 pm 0.44 (r.m.s.) was derived, while the average SFR was found to be <SFR> = 52 pm 48 M_sun/yr (r.m.s.). A positive correlation between SFR and stellar mass was observed, in agreement with other works, the logarithmic slope of the relation being 1.10 pm 0.10. Low-ionization absorption lines, associated with the interstellar medium, were found to be blueshifted, with respect to the rest frame of the system, which indicates that there is outflowing gas with typical velocities of the order of ~ 100 km/s. Finally, investigating correlations between galaxy UV spectral characteristics and galaxy general properties, we report a possible correlation between the equivalent width of the interstellar absorption lines and SFR, stellar mass, and colour excess similar to that seen to hold at different redshifts.
We present near-infrared integral-field spectroscopic observations targeting H$alpha$ in eight sub-millimeter galaxies (SMGs) at $z$=1.3-2.5 using VLT/SINFONI, obtaining significant detections for six of them. The star formation rates derived from the H$alpha$ emission are $sim$100 M$_odot$yr$^{-1}$, which account for only $sim$ 20-30% of the infrared-derived values, thus suggesting that these systems are very dusty. Two of these systems present [NII]/H$alpha$ ratios indicative of the presence of an Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN). We mapped the spatial distribution and kinematics of the star forming regions in these galaxies on kpc-scales. In general, the H$alpha$ morphologies tend to be highly irregular and/or clumpy, showing spatial extents of $sim$3-11~kpc. We find evidence for significant spatial offsets, of $sim$0.1-0.4$$ or 1.2-3.4 kpc, between the H$alpha$ and the continuum emission in three of the sources. Performing a kinemetry analysis we conclude that the majority of the sample is not consistent with disk-like rotation-dominated kinematics. Instead, they tend to show irregular and/or clumpy and turbulent velocity and velocity dispersion fields. This can be interpreted as evidence for scenario in which these extreme star formation episodes are triggered by galaxy-galaxy interactions and major mergers. In contrast to recent results for SMGs, these sources appear to follow the same relations between gas and star forming rate densities as less luminous and/or normal star forming galaxies.
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