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Register a new userConjugacy Classes of 3-Braid Group B_3
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Authors
Usman Ali
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In this article we describe the summit sets in B_3, the smallest element in a summit set and we compute the Hilbert series corresponding to conjugacy classes.The results will be related to Birman-Menesco classification of knots with braid index three or less than three.
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Let $n, k geq 3$. In this paper, we analyse the quotient group $B_n/Gamma_k(P_n)$ of the Artin braid group $B_n$ by the subgroup $Gamma_k(P_n)$ belonging to the lower central series of the Artin pure braid group $P_n$. We prove that it is an almost-crystallographic group. We then focus more specifically on the case $k=3$. If $n geq 5$, and if $tau in N$ is such that $gcd(tau, 6) = 1$, we show that $B_n/Gamma_3 (P_n)$ possesses torsion $tau$ if and only if $S_n$ does, and we prove that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the conjugacy classes of elements of order $tau$ in $B_n/Gamma_3 (P_n)$ with those of elements of order $tau$ in the symmetric group $S_n$. We also exhibit a presentation for the almost-crystallographic group $B_n/Gamma_3 (P_n)$. Finally, we obtain some $4$-dimensional almost-Bieberbach subgroups of $B_3/Gamma_3 (P_3)$, we explain how to obtain almost-Bieberbach subgroups of $B_4/Gamma_3(P_4)$ and $B_3/Gamma_4(P_3)$, and we exhibit explicit elements of order $5$ in $B_5/Gamma_3 (P_5)$.
We investigate two categorified braid conjugacy class invariants, one coming from Khovanov homology and the other from Heegaard Floer homology. We prove that each yields a solution to the word problem but not the conjugacy problem in the braid group.
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We give a quadratic lower bound on the dimension of the space of conjugacy classes of subgroups of SL(n,R) that are limits under conjugacy of the diagonal subgroup. We give the first explicit examples of abelian n-1 dimensional subgroups of SL(n,R) which are not such a limit, however all such abelian groups are limits of the diagonal group iff n < 5.
Generalising previous results on classical braid groups by Artin and Lin, we determine the values of m, n $in$ N for which there exists a surjection between the n-and m-string braid groups of an orientable surface without boundary. This result is essentially based on specific properties of their lower central series, and the proof is completely combinatorial. We provide similar but partial results in the case of orientable surfaces with boundary components and of non-orientable surfaces without boundary. We give also several results about the classification of different representations of surface braid groups in symmetric groups.
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