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Register a new userSurface velocity network with anti-solar differential rotation on the active K-giant $sigma$ Geminorum
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Zsolt K\\H{o}v\\'ari
Publication date
2007
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
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We demonstrate the power of the local correlation tracking technique on stellar data for the first time. We recover the spot migration pattern of the long-period RS CVn-type binary $sigma$ Gem from a set of six Doppler images from 3.6 consecutive rotation cycles. The resulting surface flow map suggests a weak anti-solar differential rotation with $alphaapprox-0.0022pm0.0016$, and a coherent poleward spot migration with an average velocity of $220pm10$ m s$^{-1}$. This result agrees with our recent findings from another study and could also be confirmed theoretically.
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Measuring surface differential rotation (DR) on different types of stars is important when characterizing the underlying stellar dynamo. It has been suggested that anti-solar DR laws can occur when strong meridional flows exist. We aim to investigate the differential surface rotation on the primary star of the RS CVn binary HU Vir by tracking its starspot distribution as a function of time. We also aim to recompute and update the values for several system parameters of the triple system HU Vir (close and wide orbits). Time-series high-resolution spectroscopy for four continuous months was obtained with the 1.2-m robotic STELLA telescope. Nine consecutive Doppler images were reconstructed from these data, using our line-profile inversion code iMap. An image cross-correlation method was applied to derive the surface differential-rotation law for HU Vir. New orbital elements for the close and the wide orbits were computed using our new STELLA radial velocities (RVs) combined with the RV data available in the literature. Photometric observations were performed with the Amadeus Automatic Photoelectric Telescope (APT), providing contemporaneous Johnson-Cousins $V$ and $I$ data for approximately 20 years. This data was used to determine the stellar rotation period and the active longitudes. We confirm anti-solar DR with a surface shear parameter $alpha$ of -0.029 $pm$ 0.005 and -0.026 $pm$ 0.009, using single-term and double-term differential rotation laws, respectively. The best fit is achieved assuming a solar-like double-term law with a lap time of $approx$ 400 d. Our orbital solutions result in a period of 10.387678 $pm$ 0.000003 days for the close orbit and 2726 $pm$ 7 d ($approx$ 7.5 yr) for the wide orbit. A Lomb-Scarge (L-S) periodogram of the pre-whitened $V$-band data reveals a strong single peak providing a rotation period of 10.391 $pm$ 0.008 d.
We re-investigate UZ Librae spectra obtained at KPNO in 1998 and 2000. From the 1998 data we compose 11 consecutive Doppler images using the Ca I-6439, Fe I-6393 and Fe I-6411 lines. Applying the method of average cross-correlation of contiguous Doppler images we find anti-solar differential rotation with a surface shear of alpha ~ -0.03. The pilot application of the local correlation tracking technique for the same data qualitatively confirms this result and indicates complex flow pattern on the stellar surface. From the cross-correlation of the two available Doppler images in 2000 we also get anti-solar differential rotation but with a much weaker shear of alpha ~ -0.004.
Context: Stars with about 1$-$2 solar masses at the red giant branch (RGB) represent an intriguing period of stellar evolution, i.e. when the convective envelope interacts with the fast-rotating core. During these mixing episodes freshly synthesized lithium can come up to the stellar surface along with high angular momentum material. This high angular momentum may alter the surface rotation pattern. Aims: The single rapidly rotating K-giant V1192 Ori is revisited to determine its surface differential rotation, lithium abundance, and basic stellar properties such as a precise rotation period. The aim is to independently verify the antisolar differential rotation of the star and possibly find a connection to the surface lithium abundance. Methods: We applied time-series Doppler imaging to a new multi-epoch data set. Altogether we reconstructed 11 Doppler images from spectroscopic data collected with the STELLA robotic telescope between 2007--2016. We used our inversion code iMap to reconstruct all stellar surface maps. We extracted the differential rotation from these images by tracing systematic spot migration as a function of stellar latitude from consecutive image cross-correlations. Results: The position of V1192 Ori in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram suggests that the star is in the helium core-burning phase just leaving the RGB bump. We measure $A({rm Li})_{rm NLTE}=1.27$, i.e. a value close to the anticipated transition value of 1.5 from Li-normal to Li-rich giants. Doppler images reveal extended dark areas arranged quasi-evenly along an equatorial belt. No cool polar spot is found during the investigated epoch. Spot displacements clearly suggest antisolar surface differential rotation with $alpha=-0.11pm0.02$ shear coefficient. Conclusions: The surface Li enrichment and the peculiar surface rotation pattern may indicate a common origin.
Aims: We aim to study the spot evolution and differential rotation in the magnetically active cool K-type giant star sigma Gem from broadband photometry and continuous spectroscopic observations that span 150 nights. Methods: We use high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio spectra obtained with the Hertzsprung SONG telescope to reconstruct surface (photospheric) temperature maps with Doppler imaging techniques. The 303 observations span 150 nights and allow for a detailed analysis of the spot evolution and surface differential rotation. The Doppler imaging results are compared to simultaneous broadband photometry from the Tennessee State University T3 0.4 m Automated Photometric Telescope. The activity from the stellar chromosphere, which is higher in the stellar atmosphere, is also studied using SONG observations of Balmer H alpha line profiles and correlated with the photospheric activity. Results: The temperature maps obtained during eight consecutive stellar rotations show mainly high-latitude or polar spots, with the main spot concentrations above latitude 45 deg. The spots concentrate around phase 0.25 near the beginning of our observations and around phase 0.75 towards the end. The photometric observations confirm a small jump in spot phases that occurred in February 2016. The cross-correlation of the temperature maps reveals rather strong solar-like differential rotation, giving a relative surface differential rotation coefficient of $alpha$ = 0.10 +/- 0.02. There is a weak correlation between the locations of starspots and enhanced emission in the chromosphere at some epochs.
We use K-giant stars selected from the LAMOST DR5 to study the variation of the rotational velocity of the galactic halo at different space positions. Modelling the rotational velocity distribution with both the halo and disk components, we find that the rotational velocity of the halo population decreases almost linearly with increasing vertical distance to the galactic disk plane, $Z$, at fixed galactocentric radius, $R$. The samples are separated into two parts with $6<R<12$ kpc and $12<R<20$ kpc. We derive that the decreasing rates along $Z$ for the two subsamples are $-3.07pm0.63$ and $-1.89pm0.37$ km s$^{-1}$ kpc$^{-1}$, respectively. Compared with the TNG simulations, we suggest that this trend is probably caused by the interaction between the disk and halo. The results from the simulations show that only the oblate halo can provide a decreasing rotational velocity with an increasing $Z$. This indicates that the Galactic halo is oblate with galactocentric radius $R<20$ kpc. On the other hand, the flaring of the disk component (mainly the thick disk) is clearly traced by this study, with $R$ between 12 and 20 kpc, the disk can vertically extend to $6sim10$ kpc above the disk plane. What is more interesting is that, we find the Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage (GES) component has a significant contribution only in the halo with $R<12$ kpc, i.e. a fraction of 23$-$47%. While in the outer subsample, the contribution is too low to be well constrained.
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