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In this presentation we shall deal with some aspects of the theory of Hilbert functions of modules over local rings, and we intend to guide the reader along one of the possible routes through the last three decades of progress in this area of dynamic mathematical activity. Motivated by the ever increasing interest in this field, our goal is to gather together many new developments of this theory into one place, and to present them using a unifying approach which gives self-contained and easier proofs. In this text we shall discuss many results by different authors, following essentially the direction typified by the pioneering work of J. Sally. Our personal view of the subject is most visibly expressed by the presentation of Chapters 1 and 2 in which we discuss the use of the superficial elements and related devices. Basic techniques will be stressed with the aim of reproving recent results by using a more elementary approach. Over the past few years several papers have appeared which extend classical results on the theory of Hilbert functions to the case of filtered modules. The extension of the theory to the case of general filtrations on a module has one more important motivation. Namely, we have interesting applications to the study of graded algebras which are not associated to a filtration, in particular the Fiber cone and the Sally-module. We show here that each of these algebras fits into certain short exact sequences, together with algebras associated to filtrations. Hence one can study the Hilbert function and the depth of these algebras with the aid of the know-how we got in the case of a filtration.
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We study the closed convex hull of various collections of Hilbert functions. Working over a standard graded polynomial ring with modules that are generated in degree zero, we describe the supporting hyperplanes and extreme rays for the cones generated by the Hilbert functions of all modules, all modules with bounded a-invariant, and all modules with bounded Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity. The first of these cones is infinite-dimensional and simplicial, the second is finite-dimensional but neither simplicial nor polyhedral, and the third is finite-dimensional and simplicial.
We had shown earlier that for a standard graded ring $R$ and a graded ideal $I$ in characteristic $p>0$, with $ell(R/I) <infty$, there exists a compactly supported continuous function $f_{R, I}$ whose Riemann integral is the HK multiplicity $e_{HK}(R, I)$. We explore further some other invariants, namely the shape of the graph of $f_{R, {bf m}}$ (where ${bf m}$ is the graded maximal ideal of $R$) and the maximum support (denoted as $alpha(R,I)$) of $f_{R, I}$. In case $R$ is a domain of dimension $dgeq 2$, we prove that $(R, {bf m})$ is a regular ring if and only if $f_{R, {bf m}}$ has a symmetry $f_{R, {bf m}}(x) = f_{R, {bf m}}(d-x)$, for all $x$. If $R$ is strongly $F$-regular on the punctured spectrum then we prove that the $F$-threshold $c^I({bf m})$ coincides with $alpha(R,I)$. As a consequence, if $R$ is a two dimensional domain and $I$ is generated by homogeneous elements of the same degree, thene have (1) a formula for the $F$-threshold $c^I({bf m})$ in terms of the minimum strong Harder-Narasimahan slope of the syzygy bundle and (2) a well defined notion of the $F$-threshold $c^I({bf m})$ in characteristic $0$. This characterisation readily computes $c^{I(n)}({bf m})$, for the set of all irreducible plane trinomials $k[x,y,z]/(h)$, where ${bf m} = (x,y,z)$ and $I(n) = (x^n, y^n, z^n)$.
Let k be an arbitrary field (of arbitrary characteristic) and let X = [x_{i,j}] be a generic m x n matrix of variables. Denote by I_2(X) the ideal in k[X] = k[x_{i,j}: i = 1, ..., m; j = 1, ..., n] generated by the 2 x 2 minors of X. We give a recursive formulation for the lengths of the k[X]-module k[X]/(I_2(X) + (x_{1,1}^q,..., x_{m,n}^q)) as q varies over all positive integers using Grobner basis. This is a generalized Hilbert-Kunz function, and our formulation proves that it is a polynomial function in q. We give closed forms for the cases when m is at most 2, %as well as the closed forms for some other special length functions. We apply our method to give closed forms for these Hilbert-Kunz functions for cases $m le 2$.
For a pair $(R, I)$, where $R$ is a standard graded domain of dimension $d$ over an algebraically closed field of characteristic $0$ and $I$ is a graded ideal of finite colength, we prove that the existence of $lim_{pto infty}e_{HK}(R_p, I_p)$ is equivalent, for any fixed $mgeq d-1$, to the existence of $lim_{pto infty}ell(R_p/I_p^{[p^m]})/p^{md}$. This we get as a consequence of Theorem 1.1: As $prightarrow infty $, the convergence of the HK density function $f{(R_p, I_p)}$ is equivalent to the convergence of the truncated HK density functions $f_m(R_p, I_p)$ (in $L^{infty}$ norm) of the {it mod $p$ reductions} $(R_p, I_p)$, for any fixed $mgeq d-1$. In particular, to define the HK density function $f^{infty}(R, I)$ in characteristic 0, it is enough to prove the existence of $lim_{pto infty} f_m(R_p, I_p)$, for any fixed $mgeq d-1$. This allows us to prove the existence of $e_{HK}^{infty}(R, I)$ in many new cases, {em e.g.}, when $mbox{Proj~R}$ is a Segre product of curves, for example.
For a pair $(M, I)$, where $M$ is finitely generated graded module over a standard graded ring $R$ of dimension $d$, and $I$ is a graded ideal with $ell(R/I) < infty$, we introduce a new invariant $HKd(M, I)$ called the {em Hilbert-Kunz density function}. In Theorem 1.1, we relate this to the Hilbert-Kunz multiplicity $e_{HK}(M,I)$ by an integral formula. We prove that the Hilbert-Kunz density function is additive. Moreover it satisfies a multiplicative formula for a Segre product of rings. This gives a formula for $e_{HK}$ of the Segre product of rings in terms of the HKd of the rings involved. As a corollary, $e_{HK}$ of the Segre product of any finite number of Projective curves is a rational number. As an another application we see that $e_{HK}(R, {bf m}^k) - e(R, {bf m}^k)/d!$ grows at least as a fixed positive multiple of $k^{d-1}$ as $kto infty$.
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