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Register a new userType IIP Supernova SN 2004et: A Multi-Wavelength Study in X-Ray, Optical and Radio
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We present X-ray, broad band optical and low frequency radio observations of the bright type IIP supernova SN 2004et. The cxo observed the supernova at three epochs, and the optical coverage spans a period of $sim$ 470 days since explosion. The X-ray emission softens with time, and we characterise the X-ray luminosity evolution as $Lx propto t^{-0.4}$. We use the observed X-ray luminosity to estimate a mass-loss rate for the progenitor star of $sim ee{2}{-6} M_odot mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. The optical light curve shows a pronounced plateau lasting for about 110 days. Temporal evolution of photospheric radius and color temperature during the plateau phase is determined by making black body fits. We estimate the ejected mass of $^{56}$Ni to be 0.06 $pm$ 0.03 M$_odot$. Using the expressions of Litvinova & Nad{e}zhin (1985) we estimate an explosion energy of (0.98 $pm$ 0.25) $times 10^{51}$ erg. We also present a single epoch radio observation of SN 2004et. We compare this with the predictions of the model proposed by Chevalier et al. (2006). These multi-wavelength studies suggest a main sequence progenitor mass of $sim$ 20 M$_odot$ for SN 2004et.
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We present new optical and near infrared (NIR) photometry and spectroscopy of the type IIP supernova, SN 2004et. In combination with already published data, this provides one of the most complete studies of optical and NIR data for any type IIP SN from just after explosion to +500 days. The contribution of the NIR flux to the bolometric light curve is estimated to increase from 15% at explosion to around 50% at the end of the plateau and then declines to 40% at 300 days. SN 2004et is one of the most luminous IIP SNe which has been well studied, and with a luminosity of log L = 42.3 erg/s, it is 2 times brighter than SN 1999em. We provide parametrised bolometric corrections as a function of time for SN 2004et and three other IIP SNe that have extensive optical and NIR data, which can be used as templates for future events. We compare the physical parameters of SN 2004et with those of other IIP SNe and find kinetic energies spanning the range of 10^50-10^51 ergs. We compare the ejected masses calculated from hydrodynamic models with the progenitor masses and limits derived from prediscovery images. Some of the ejected mass estimates are significantly higher than the progenitor mass estimates, with SN 2004et showing perhaps the most serious mass discrepancy. With current models, it appears difficult to reconcile 100 day plateau lengths and high expansion velocities with the low ejected masses of 5-6 Msun implied from 7-8 Msun progenitors. The nebular phase is studied using very late time HST photometry, along with optical and NIR spectroscopy. The light curve shows a clear flattening at 600 days in the optical and the NIR, which is likely due to the ejecta impacting on the CSM. We further show that the [Oi] 6300,6364 Angstrom line strengths of four type IIP SNe imply ejected oxygen masses of 0.5-1.5 Msun.
We present densely-sampled ultraviolet/optical photometric and low-resolution optical spectroscopic observations of the type IIP supernova 2013ab in the nearby ($sim$24 Mpc) galaxy NGC 5669, from 2 to 190d after explosion. Continuous photometric observations, with the cadence of typically a day to one week, were acquired with the 1-2m class telescopes in the LCOGT network, ARIES telescopes in India and various other telescopes around the globe. The light curve and spectra suggest that the SN is a normal type IIP event with a plateau duration of $ sim80 $ days with mid plateau absolute visual magnitude of -16.7, although with a steeper decline during the plateau (0.92 mag 100 d$ ^{-1} $ in $ V $ band) relative to other archetypal SNe of similar brightness. The velocity profile of SN 2013ab shows striking resemblance with those of SNe 1999em and 2012aw. Following the Rabinak & Waxman (2011) prescription, the initial temperature evolution of the SN emission allows us to estimate the progenitor radius to be $ sim $ 800 R$_{odot}$, indicating that the SN originated from a red supergiant star. The distance to the SN host galaxy is estimated to be 24.3 Mpc from expanding photosphere method (EPM). From our observations, we estimate that 0.064 M$_{odot}$ of $^{56}$Ni was synthesized in the explosion. General relativistic, radiation hydrodynamical modeling of the SN infers an explosion energy of $ 0.35times10^{51} $ erg, a progenitor mass (at the time of explosion) of $ sim9 $ M$_{odot}$ and an initial radius of $ sim600 $ R$_{odot}$.
We present optical photometry and spectroscopy from about a week after explosion to $sim$272 d of an atypical Type IIP supernova, SN 2015ba, which exploded in the edge-on galaxy IC 1029. SN 2015ba is a luminous event with an absolute V-band magnitude of -17.1$pm$0.2 mag at 50 d since explosion and has a long plateau lasting for $sim$123 d. The distance to the SN is estimated to be 34.8$pm$0.7 Mpc using the expanding photosphere and standard candle methods. High-velocity H-Balmer components constant with time are observed in the late-plateau phase spectra of SN 2015ba, which suggests a possible role of circumstellar interaction at these phases. Both hydrodynamical and analytical modelling suggest a massive progenitor of SN 2015ba with a pre-explosion mass of 24-26 M$_odot$. However, the nebular spectra of SN 2015ba exhibit insignificant levels of oxygen, which is otherwise expected from a massive progenitor. This might be suggestive of the non-monotonical link between O-core masses and the zero-age main-sequence mass of pre-supernova stars and/or uncertainties in the mixing scenario in the ejecta of supernovae.
We present the results the photometric observations of the Type IIP supernova SN 2012aw obtained for the time interval from 7 till 371 days after the explosion. Using the previously published values of the photospheric velocities weve computed the hydrodynamic model which simultaneously reproduced the photometry observations and velocity measurements. The model was calculated with the multi-energy group radiation hydrodynamics code STELLA. We found the parameters of the pre-supernova: radius $R = 500 R_odot$, nickel mass $M(^{56}$Ni$)$ $sim 0.06 M_odot$, pre-supernova mass $25 M_odot$, mass of ejected envelope $23.6 M_odot$, explosion energy $E sim 2 times 10^{51}$ erg. The model progenitor mass $M=25 M_odot$ significantly exceeds the upper limit mass $M=17 M_odot$, obtained from analysis the pre-SNe observations. This result confirms once more that the Red Supergiant Problem must be resolved by stellar evolution and supernova explosion theories in interaction with observations.
We present late-time (590-994 d) mid-IR photometry of the normal, but highly-reddened Type IIP supernova SN 2002hh. Bright, cool, slowly-fading emission is detected from the direction of the supernova. Most of this flux appears not to be driven by the supernova event but instead probably originates in a cool, obscured star-formation region or molecular cloud along the line-of-sight. We also show, however, that the declining component of the flux is consistent with an SN-powered IR echo from a dusty progenitor CSM. Mid-IR emission could also be coming from newly-condensed dust and/or an ejecta/CSM impact but their contributions are likely to be small. For the case of a CSM-IR echo, we infer a dust mass of as little as 0.036 M(solar) with a corresponding CSM mass of 3.6(0.01/r(dg))M(solar) where r(dg) is the dust-to-gas mass ratio. Such a CSM would have resulted from episodic mass loss whose rate declined significantly about 28,000 years ago. Alternatively, an IR echo from a surrounding, dense, dusty molecular cloud might also have been responsible for the fading component. Either way, this is the first time that an IR echo has been clearly identified in a Type IIP supernova. We find no evidence for or against the proposal that Type IIP supernovae produce large amounts of dust via grain condensation in the ejecta. However, within the CSM-IR echo scenario, the mass of dust derived implies that the progenitors of the most common of core-collapse supernovae may make an important contribution to the universal dust content.
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