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Register a new userPulse-shape discrimination with PbWO$_4$ crystal scintillators
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The light output, $alpha/beta$ ratio, and pulse shape have been investigated at $-25^circ$ C with PbWO$_4$ crystal scintillators undoped, and doped by F, Eu, Mo, Gd and S. The fast $0.01-0.06 mu$s and middle $0.1-0.5 mu$s components of scintillation decay were observed for all the samples. Slow components of scintillation signal with the decay times $1-3 mu$s and $13-28 mu$s with the total intensity up to $approx50%$ have been recognized for several samples doped by Molybdenum. We found some indications of a pulse-shape discrimination between $alpha$ particles and $gamma$ quanta with PbWO$_4$ (Mo doped) crystal scintillators.
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A comparative study of the neutron-$gamma$ Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) with seven organic scintillators is performed using an identical setup and digital electronics. The scintillators include plastics (EJ-299-33 and a plastic prototype), single crystals (stilbene and the recent doped $p$-terphenyl) and liquids (BC501A, NE213 and the deuterated liquid BC537). First, the overall PSD performance of the different scintillators is compared and threshold neutron energies for a given discrimination quality are determined. Then, using statistical arguments, two intrinsic contributions to the PSD capability of the scintillating materials are disentangled: the light yield and the specific pulse shapes induced by neutrons and $gamma$-rays. This separation provides additional insight into the behaviour of organic scintillators and allows a detailed comparison of the discrimination performance of the various materials. On the basis of this analysis, limitations of current organic scintillators and of recently proposed alternative scintillators are discussed.
Discrimination of the detection of fast neutrons and gamma rays in a liquid scintillator detector has been investigated using digital pulse-processing techniques. An experimental setup with a 252Cf source, a BC-501 liquid scintillator detector, and a BaF2 detector was used to collect waveforms with a 100 Ms/s, 14 bit sampling ADC. Three identical ADCs were combined to increase the sampling frequency to 300 Ms/s. Four different digital pulse-shape analysis algorithms were developed and compared to each other and to data obtained with an analogue neutron-gamma discrimination unit. Two of the digital algorithms were based on the charge comparison method, while the analogue unit and the other two digital algorithms were based on the zero-crossover method. Two different figure-of-merit parameters, which quantify the neutron-gamma discrimination properties, were evaluated for all four digital algorithms and for the analogue data set. All of the digital algorithms gave similar or better figure-of-merit values than what was obtained with the analogue setup. A detailed study of the discrimination properties as a function of sampling frequency and bit resolution of the ADC was performed. It was shown that a sampling ADC with a bit resolution of 12 bits and a sampling frequency of 100 Ms/s is adequate for achieving an optimal neutron-gamma discrimination for pulses having a dynamic range for deposited neutron energies of 0.3-12 MeV. An investigation of the influence of the sampling frequency on the time resolution was made. A FWHM of 1.7 ns was obtained at 100 Ms/s.
New charge and current-sensitive preamplifiers coupled to silicon detectors and devoted to studies in nuclear structure and dynamics have been developed and tested. For the first time shapes of current pulses from light charged particles and carbon ions are presented. Capabilities for pulse shape discrimination techniques are demonstrated.
The IGEX experiment has been operating enriched germanium detectors in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (Spain) in a search for the neutrinoless double decay of 76Ge. The implementation of Pulse Shape Discrimination techniques to reduce the radioactive background is described in detail. This analysis has been applied to a fraction of the IGEX data, leading to a rejection of ~60 % of their background, in the region of interest (from 2 to 2.5 MeV), down to ~0.09 c/(keV kg y).
Events near the cathode and anode surfaces of a coplanar grid CdZnTe detector are identifiable by means of the interaction depth information encoded in the signal amplitudes. However, the amplitudes cannot be used to identify events near the lateral surfaces. In this paper a method is described to identify lateral surface events by means of their pulse shapes. Such identification allows for discrimination of surface alpha particle interactions from more penetrating forms of radiation, which is particularly important for rare event searches. The effectiveness of the presented technique in suppressing backgrounds due to alpha contamination in the search for neutrinoless double beta decay with the COBRA experiment is demonstrated.
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