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Register a new userNew 60-cm Radio Survey Telescope with the Sideband-Separating SIS Receiver for the 200 GHz Band
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We have upgraded the 60-cm radio survey telescope located in Nobeyama, Japan. We developed a new waveguide-type sideband-separating SIS mixer for the telescope, which enables the simultaneous detection of distinct molecular emission lines both in the upper and lower sidebands. Over the RF frequency range of 205-240 GHz, the single-sideband receiver noise temperatures of the new mixer are 40-100 K for the 4.0-8.0 GHz IF frequency band. The image rejection ratios are greater than 10 dB over the same range. For the dual IF signals obtained by the receiver, we have developed two sets of acousto-optical spectrometers and a telescope control system. Using the new telescope system, we successfully detected the 12CO (J=2-1) and 13CO (J=2-1) emission lines simultaneously toward Orion KL in 2005 March. Using the waveguide-type sideband-separating SIS mixer for the 200 GHz band, we have initiated the first simultaneous 12CO (J=2-1) and 13CO (J=2-1) survey of the galactic plane as well as large-scale mapping observations of nearby molecular clouds.
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We have developed a two-beam waveguide-type dual-polarization sideband-separating SIS receiver system in the 100-GHz band for {it z}-machine on the 45-m radio telescope at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory. The receiver is intended for astronomical use in searching for highly redshifted spectral lines from galaxies of unknown redshift. This receiver has two beams, which have 45$^{primeprime}$ of beam separation and allow for observation with the switch in the on-on position. The receiver of each beam is composed of an ortho-mode transducer and two sideband-separating SIS mixers, which are both based on a waveguide technique, and the receiver has four intermediate frequency bands of 4.0--8.0 GHz. Over the radio frequency range of 80--116 GHz, the single-sideband receiver noise temperature is lower than about 50 K, and the image rejection ratios are greater than 10 dB in most of the same frequency range. The new receiver system has been installed in the telescope, and we successfully observed a $^{12}$CO ({it J}=3--2) emission line toward a cloverleaf quasar at {it z} = 2.56, which validates the performance of the receiver system. The SSB noise temperature of the system, including the atmosphere, is typically 150--300 K at a radio frequency of 97 GHz. We have begun blind search of high-{it J} CO toward high-{it z} submillimeter galaxies.
We developed a waveguide-type dual-polarization sideband-separating SIS receiver system of the 100-GHz band for the 45-m radio telescope at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory, Japan. This receiver is composed of an ortho-mode transducer and two sideband-separating SIS mixers, which are both based on the waveguide technique. The receiver has four intermediate frequency bands of 4.0--8.0 GHz. Over the radio frequency range of 80--120 GHz, the single-sideband receiver noise temperatures are 50--100 K and the image rejection ratios are greater than 10 dB. We developed new matching optics for the telescope beam as well as new IF chains for the four IF signals. The new receiver system was installed in the telescope, and we successfully observed the 12CO, 13CO and C18O emission lines simultaneously toward the Sagittarius B2 region to confirm the performance of the receiver system. The SSB noise temperature of the system, including the atmosphere, became approximately half of that of the previous receiver system. The Image Rejection Ratios (IRRs) of the two 2SB mixers were calculated from the 12CO and HCO+ spectra from the W51 giant molecular cloud, resulting in > 20 dB for one polarization and > 12 dB for the other polarization.
Dual sideband (2SB) receivers are well suited for the spectral observation of complex astronomical signals over a wide frequency range. They are extensively used in radio astronomy, their main advantages being to avoid spectral confusion and to diminish effective system temperature by a factor two with respect to double sideband (DSB) receivers. Using available millimeter-wave analog technology, wideband 2SB receivers generally obtain sideband rejections ratios (SRR) of 10-15dB, insufficient for a number of astronomical applications. We report here the design and implementation of an FPGA-based sideband separating FFT spectrometer. A 4GHz analog front end was built to test the design and measure sideband rejection. The setup uses a 2SB front end architecture, except that the mixer outputs are directly digitized before the IF hybrid, using two 8bits ADCs sampling at 1GSPS. The IF hybrid is implemented on the FPGA together with a set of calibration vectors that, properly chosen, compensate for the analog front end amplitude and phase imbalances. The calibrated receiver exhibits a sideband rejection ratio in excess of 40dB for the entire 2GHz RF bandwidth.
The corrugated horn is a high performance feed often used in radio telescopes. There has been a growing demand for wideband optics and corrugated horns in millimeter and submillimeter-wave receivers. It improves the observation efficiency and allows us to observe important emission lines such as CO in multiple excited states simultaneously. However, in the millimeter/submillimeter band, it has been challenging to create a conical corrugated horn with a fractional bandwidth of ~60% because the wavelength is very short, making it difficult to make narrow corrugations. In this study, we designed a conical corrugated horn with good return loss, low cross-polarization, and symmetric beam pattern in the 210-375GHz band (56% fractional bandwidth) by optimizing the dimensions of the corrugations. The corrugated horn was installed on the Osaka 1.85-m mm-submm telescope with the matched frequency-independent optics, and simultaneous observations of 12CO, 13CO, and C18O (J = 2-1, 3-2) were successfully made. In this paper, we describe the new design of the corrugated horn and report the performance evaluation results including the optics.
ALMA has been operating since 2011, but has not yet been populated with the full suite of intended frequency bands. In particular, ALMA Band 2 (67-90 GHz) is the final band in the original ALMA band definition to be approved for production. We aim to produce a wideband, tuneable, sideband-separating receiver with 28 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth per polarisation operating in the sky frequency range 67-116 GHz. Our design anticipates new ALMA requirements following the recommendations in the 2030 ALMA Development Roadmap. The cryogenic cartridge is designed to be compatible with the ALMA Band 2 cartridge slot, where the coldest components -- the feedhorns, orthomode transducers, and cryogenic low noise amplifiers -- operate at a temperature of 15 K. We use multiple simulation methods and tools to optimise our designs for both the passive optics and the active components. The cryogenic cartridge interfaces with a room temperature cartridge hosting the local oscillator (LO) and the downconverter module. This warm cartridge is largely based on GaAs semiconductor technology and is optimised to match the cryogenic receiver bandwidth with the required instantaneous LO tuning range. Our collaboration has designed, fabricated, and tested multiple technical solutions for each of the components, producing a state-of-the-art receiver covering the full ALMA Band 2 & 3 atmospheric window. The receiver is suitable for deployment on ALMA in the coming years, and is capable of dual-polarisation, sideband-separating observations in intermediate frequency bands spanning 4-18 GHz, for a total of 28 GHz on-sky bandwidth per polarisation channel. We conclude that the 67-116 GHz wideband implementation for ALMA Band 2 is now feasible, and this receiver is a compelling instrumental upgrade that will enhance observational capabilities and scientific reach.
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