The Effect of Laser Etching Alone or Combined With Acid Etching on the Surface Morphology of Enamel: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

Laser use and applications in dentistry has increased dramatically in the last years. Laser etching of enamel may provide an alternative for conventional acid etching. The aim of this study was to evaluate, under Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM), enamel surface morphology after laser irradiation with or without the addition of photoabsorber (black ink); with or without acid etching. laser enamel etching produced surface roughness that might be used for the infiltration and subsequent mechanical retention of resin.

Description Of Spores Of Some Syrian Mosses By Using Scanning Electron Microscope

This research is the first descriptive and classifiable study of the Syrian spores of mosses in Syria and Arab world by using the technique of scanning electron microscope. Samples have been collected from several areas from Syria and their names have been defined and classified earlier. The study of nine Spieces of Spores have been completed and their shapes, different faces and the shapes of redundant which they carry and their distribution by scanning electron Microscope are done in Jena University, Germany. Their sizes have been measured and viewed in several sizes. It has been noticed clear differences in Spores, in the Shape of concavity of the frost face and in existence and relation of denseness and distribution of redundant on the faces. So, The characters of Spores can be added to other standards which are used in Classification of mosses.