Next-generation networks are expected to be ultra-dense with a very high peak rate but relatively lower expected traffic per user. For such scenario, existing central controller based resource allocation may incur substantial signaling (control communications) leading to a negative effect on the quality of service (e.g. drop calls), energy and spectrum efficiency. To overcome this problem, cognitive ad-hoc networks (CAHN) that share spectrum with other networks are being envisioned. They allow some users to identify and communicate in `free slots thereby reducing signaling load and allowing the higher number of users per base stations (dense networks). Such networks open up many interesting challenges such as resource identification, coordination, dynamic and context-aware adaptation for which Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence framework offers novel solutions. In this paper, we discuss state-of-the-art multi-armed multi-player bandit based distributed learning algorithms that allow users to adapt to the environment and coordinate with other players/users. We also discuss various open research problems for feasible realization of CAHN and interesting applications in other domains such as energy harvesting, Internet of Things, and Smart grids.
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