We study a minimal cognitive flocking model, which assumes that the moving entities navigate using exclusively the available instantaneous visual information. The model consists of active particles, with no memory, that interact by a short-ranged, position-based, attractive force that acts inside a vision cone (VC) and lack velocity-velocity alignment. We show that this active system can exhibit -- due to the VC that breaks Newtons third law -- various complex, large-scale, self-organized patterns. Depending on parameter values, we observe the emergence of aggregates or milling-like patterns, the formation of moving -- locally polar -- files with particles at the front of these structures acting as effective leaders, and the self-organization of particles into macroscopic nematic structures leading to long-ranged nematic order. Combining simulations and non-linear field equations, we show that position-based active models, as the one analyzed here, represent a new class of active systems fundamentally different from other active systems, including velocity-alignment-based flocking systems. The reported results are of prime importance in the study, interpretation, and modeling of collective motion patterns in living and non-living active systems.
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