It has been recently found that the equations of motion of several semiclassical systems must take into account anomalous velocity terms arising from Berry phase contributions. Those terms are for instance responsible for the spin Hall effect in semiconductors or the gravitational birefringence of photons propagating in a static gravitational field. Intensive ongoing research on this subject seems to indicate that actually a broad class of quantum systems might have their dynamics affected by Berry phase terms. In this article we review the implication of a new diagonalization method for generic matrix valued Hamiltonians based on a formal expansion in power of $hbar$. In this approach both the diagonal energy operator and dynamical operators which depend on Berry phase terms and thus form a noncommutative algebra, can be expanded in power series in hbar $. Focusing on the semiclassical approximation, we will see that a large class of quantum systems, ranging from relativistic Dirac particles in strong external fields to Bloch electrons in solids have their dynamics radically modified by Berry terms.
تحميل البحث