The Extraordinary Outburst in the Massive Protostellar System NGC6334I-MM1: Strong Increase in Mid-Infrared Continuum Emission


الملخص بالإنكليزية

In recent years, dramatic outbursts have been identified toward massive protostars via infrared and millimeter dust continuum and molecular maser emission. The longest lived outburst ($>6$ yr) persists in NGC6334I-MM1, a deeply-embedded object with no near-IR counterpart. Using FORCAST and HAWC+ on SOFIA, we have obtained the first mid-infrared images of this field since the outburst began. Despite being undetected in pre-outburst ground-based 18 $mu$m images, MM1 is now the brightest region at all three wavelengths (25, 37, and 53 $mu$m), exceeding the ultracompact HII region MM3 (NGC6334F). Combining the SOFIA data with ALMA imaging at four wavelengths, we construct a spectral energy distribution of the combination of MM1 and the nearby hot core MM2. The best-fit Robitaille radiative transfer model yields a luminosity of $(4.9pm0.8)times10^4 L_odot$. Accounting for an estimated pre-outburst luminosity ratio MM1:MM2 = $2.1pm0.4$, the luminosity of MM1 has increased by a factor of $16.3pm4.4$. The pre-outburst luminosity implies a protostar of mass 6.7 $M_odot$, which can produce the ionizing photon rate required to power the pre-outburst hypercompact HII region surrounding the likely outbursting protostar MM1B. The total energy and duration of the outburst exceed the S255IR-NIRS3 outburst by a factor of $gtrsim3$, suggesting a different scale of event involving expansion of the protostellar photosphere (to $gtrsim$ 20 $R_odot$), thereby supporting a higher accretion rate ($gtrsim$0.0023 $M_odot$ yr$^{-1}$) and reducing the ionizing photon rate. In the grid of hydrodynamic models of Meyer et al. 2021, the combination of outburst luminosity and magnitude (3) places the NGC6334I-MM1 event in the region of moderate total accretion ($sim$0.1-0.3 $M_odot$) and hence long duration ($sim$40-130 yr).

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