We develop a general framework for data analysis and phenomenology of the CMB four-point function or trispectrum. To lowest order in the derivative expansion, the inflationary action admits three quartic operators consistent with symmetry: $dotsigma^4$, $dotsigma^2 (partialsigma^2)$, and $(partialsigma)^4$. In single field inflation, only the first of these operators can be the leading non-Gaussian signal. A Fisher matrix analysis shows that there is one near-degeneracy among the three CMB trispectra, so we parameterize the trispectrum with two coefficients $g_{NL}^{dotsigma^4}$ and $g_{NL}^{(partialsigma)^4}$, in addition to the coefficient $g_{NL}^{rm loc}$ of $zeta^3$-type local non-Gaussianity. This three-parameter space is analogous to the parameter space $(f_{NL}^{rm loc}, f_{NL}^{rm equil}, f_{NL}^{rm orth})$ commonly used to parameterize the CMB three-point function. We next turn to data analysis and show how to represent these trispectra in a factorizable form which leads to computationally fast operations such as evaluating a CMB estimator or simulating a non-Gaussian CMB. We discuss practical issues in CMB analysis pipelines, and perform an optimal analysis of WMAP data. Our minimum-variance estimates are $g_{NL}^{rm loc} = (-3.80 pm 2.19) times 10^5$, $g_{NL}^{dotsigma^4} = (-3.20 pm 3.09) times 10^6$, and $g_{NL}^{(partialsigma)^4} = (-10.8 pm 6.33) times 10^5$ after correcting for the effects of CMB lensing. No evidence of a nonzero inflationary four-point function is seen.
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