We present the catalog of 477 spectra from the Serendipitous Extragalactic X-ray Source Identification (SEXSI) program, a survey designed to probe the dominant contributors to the 2-10 keV cosmic X-ray background. Our survey covers 1 deg^2 of sky to 2-10 keV fluxes of 10^-14 erg cm^-2 s^-1, and 2 deg^2 for fluxes of 3 x 10^-14 erg cm^-2 s^-1. Our spectra reach to R <24 and have produced redshifts for 438 hard X-ray sources. The vast majority of the 2-10 keV-selected sample are AGN with redshifts between 0.1 and 3. We find that few sources at z<1 have high X-ray luminosities, reflecting a dearth of high-mass, high-accretion-rate sources at low redshift, a result consistent with other recent wide-area surveys. Half of our sources show significant obscuration, with N_H>10^22 cm^-2, independent of unobscured luminosity. We classify 168 sources as emission-line galaxies; all are X-ray luminous objects with optical spectra lacking both high-ionization lines and evidence of a non-stellar continuum. The redshift distribution of these emission-line galaxies peaks at a significantly lower redshift than does that of the sources we spectroscopically identify as AGN. We conclude that few of these sources can be powered by starburst activity. Stacking spectra for a subset of these sources, we detect [Ne V] emission, a clear signature of AGN activity, confirming that the majority of these objects are Seyfert 2s in which the high-ionization lines are diluted by stellar emission. We find 33 objects lacking broad lines in their optical spectra which have quasar X-ray luminosities (Lx>10^44 erg s^-1), the largest sample of such objects identified to date. In addition, we explore 17 AGN associated with galaxy clusters and find that the cluster-member AGN sample has a lower fraction of broad-line AGN than does the background sample.
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