Doppler cooling is a widely used technique to laser cool atoms and nanoparticles exploiting the Doppler shift involved in translational transformations. The rotational Doppler effect arising from rotational coordinate transformations should similarly enable optical manipulations of the rotational degrees of freedom in rotating nanosystems. Here, we show that rotational Doppler cooling and heating (RDC and RDH) effects embody rich and unexplored physics, such as a strong dependence on particle morphology. For geometrically confined particles, such as a nanorod that can represent diatomic molecules, RDC and RDH follow similar rules as their translational Doppler counterpart, where cooling and heating are always observed at red- or blue-detuned laser frequencies, respectively. Surprisingly, nanosystems that can be modeled as a solid particle shows a strikingly different response, where RDH appears in a frequency regime close to their resonances, while a detuned frequency produces cooling of rotation. We also predict that the RDH effect can lead to unprecedented spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking, whereby an achiral particle under linearly polarized illumination starts spontaneously rotating, rendering it nontrivial compared to the translational Doppler effect. Our results open up new exciting possibilities to control the rotational motion of molecules and nanoparticles.
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