Buoyancy effects and nozzle geometry can have a significant impact on turbulent jet dispersion. This work was motivated by applications involving hydrogen. Using helium as an experimental proxy, buoyant horizontal jets issuing from a round orifice on the side wall of a circular tube were analysed experimentally using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) techniques simultaneously to provide instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields of velocity and concentration. Effects of buoyancy and asymmetry on the resulting flow structure were studied over a range of Reynolds numbers and gas densities. Significant differences were found between the centreline trajectory, spreading rate, and velocity decay of conventional horizontal round axisymmetric jets issuing through flat plates and the pipeline leak-representative jets considered in the present study. The realistic pipeline jets were always asymmetric and found to deflect about the jet axis in the near field. In the far field, it was found that the realistic pipeline leak geometry causes buoyancy effects to dominate much sooner than expected compared to horizontal round jets issuing through flat plates.
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