Coupled-channel $pi K$ and $eta K$ scattering amplitudes are determined by studying the finite-volume energy spectra obtained from dynamical lattice QCD calculations. Using a large basis of interpolating operators, including both those resembling a $qbar{q}$ construction and those resembling a pair of mesons with relative momentum, a reliable excited-state spectrum can be obtained. Working at ${m_pi=391,mathrm{MeV}}$, we find a gradual increase in the $J^P=0^+$ $pi K$ phase-shift which may be identified with a broad scalar resonance that couples strongly to $pi K$ and weakly to $eta K$. The low-energy behavior of this amplitude suggests a virtual bound-state that may be related to the $kappa$ resonance. A bound state with $J^P=1^-$ is found very close to the $pi K$ threshold energy, whose coupling to the $pi K$ channel is compatible with that of the experimental $K^star(892)$. Evidence is found for a narrow resonance in $J^P=2^+$. Isospin--3/2 $pi K$ scattering is also studied and non-resonant phase-shifts spanning the whole elastic scattering region are obtained.