We present Submillimeter Array (SMA) [CII] 158um and Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) $^{12}$CO(1-0) line emission maps for the bright, lensed, submillimeter source at $z=5.2430$ behind Abell 773: HLSJ091828.6+514223 (HLS0918). We combine these measurements with previously reported line profiles, including multiple $^{12}$CO rotational transitions, [CI], water and [NII], providing some of the best constraints on the properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) in a galaxy at $z>5$. HLS0918 has a total far-infrared (FIR) luminosity L_FIR(8-1000um) = (1.6$pm$0.1)x10^14 L_sun/mu, where the total magnification mu_total = 8.9$pm$1.9, via a new lens model from the [CII] and continuum maps. Despite a HyLIRG luminosity, the FIR continuum shape resembles that of a local LIRG. We simultaneously fit all of the observed spectral line profiles, finding four components which correspond cleanly to discrete spatial structures identified in the maps. The two most redshifted spectral components occupy the nucleus of a massive galaxy, with a source plane separation <1 kpc. The reddest dominates the continuum map (de-magnified L_FIR = (1.1$pm$0.2)x10^13 L_sun), and excites strong water emission in both nuclear components via a powerful FIR radiation field from the intense star formation. A third star-forming component is most likely a region of a merging companion (dV ~ 500 km/s) exhibiting generally similar gas properties. The bluest component originates from a spatially distinct region, and photo-dissociation region (PDR) analysis suggests that it is lower density, cooler and forming stars less vigorously than the other components. Strikingly, it has very strong [NII] emission which may suggest an ionized, molecular outflow. This comprehensive view of gas properties and morphology in HLS0918 previews the science possible for a large sample of high-redshift galaxies once ALMA attains full sensitivity.
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