Perpendicular Magnetization and Generic Realization of the Ising Model in Artificial Spin Ice


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We have studied frustrated kagome arrays and unfrustrated honeycomb arrays of magnetostatically-interacting single-domain ferromagnetic islands with magnetization normal to the plane. The measured pairwise spin correlations of both lattices can be reproduced by models based solely on nearest-neighbor correlations. The kagome array has qualitatively different magnetostatics but identical lattice topology to previously-studied artificial spin ice systems composed of in-plane moments. The two systems show striking similarities in the development of moment pair correlations, demonstrating a universality in artificial spin ice behavior independent of specific realization in a particular material system.

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