This article introduces into the whole section on Social Sciences, edited by A. Nowak for this Encyclopedia, concentrating on the applications of mathematics and physics. Here under mathematics we include also all computer simulations if they are not taken from physics, while physics applications include simulations of models which basically existed already in physics before they were applied to social simulations. Thus obviously there is no sharp border between applications from physics and from mathematics in the sense of our definition. Also social science is not defined precisely. We will include some economics as well as some linguistics, but not social insects or fish swarms, nor human epidemics or demography. Also, we mention not only this section by also the section on agent-based modelling edited by F. Castiglione as containing articles of social interest.
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