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تسجيل مستخدم جديدThe contribution of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxies to the soft X-ray background
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تأليف
G. Hasinger
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The ROSAT Ultradeep HRI survey in the Lockman Hole contains a complete sample of 91 X-ray sources with fluxes in the 0.5-2 keV band larger than 1.2 times 10e-15 erg cm-2 s-1, where over about 75 per cent of the sources are quasars or Seyfert galaxies. During the course of our optical identification work, we have obtained optical spectra of 67 narrow emission line galaxies (NELG), which are physically not associated with the X-ray sources. We have derived the equivalent width (EW) and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) for the most prominent emission lines of 41 quasars and Seyfert galaxies taken from the ROSAT Deep Survey (RDS), which has a flux limit of 5.5 times 10e-15 erg cm-2 s-1 in the 0.5-2.0 keV band. Furthermore we have obtained the EW and FWHM values of the field NELGs. Here we present the spectroscopic discrimination between RDS Seyfert galaxies and field galaxies (NELG). The analysis of the emission lines has revealed that a single object out of 69 spectroscopically identified AGN fits the optical criteria of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1). This may indicate that NLS1 contribute only marginally to the soft X-ray background, but we can not exclude a possible larger contribution.
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It is arguably in the X-ray regime that Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) exhibit the most extreme behaviour. Spectral complexity, rapid and large amplitude flux variations, and exceptional spectral variability are well known characteristics. Ho
wever, NLS1s are not eccentric, but form a continuous sequence with typical Seyfert 1 galaxies. Understanding the extreme behaviour displayed by NLS1s will provide insight to the general AGN phenomenon. In this review, I will examine some of the important NLS1 X-ray discoveries over the past twenty years. I will then explore recent work that looks at the nature of the primary X-ray source (i.e. the corona) in NLS1s, demonstrating how the corona can be compact, dynamic, and in some cases consistent with collimated outflow. X-ray observations of NLS1s will be key in determining the nature of the corona, resolving the disc-jet connection, and determining the origin of the radio loud/quiet dichotomy in AGN.
This work studies the optical emission line properties and physical conditions of the narrow line region (NLR) of seven narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1). Our results show that the flux carried out by the narrow component of H-beta is, on average
, 50% of the total line flux. As a result, the [OIII] 5007/H-beta ratio emitted in the NLR varies from 1 to 5, instead of the universally adopted value of 10. This has strong implications for the required spectral energy distribution that ionizes the NLR gas. Photoionization models that consider a NLR composed of a combination of matter-bounded and ionization-bounded clouds are successful at explaining the low [OIII] 5007/H-beta ratio and the weakness of low-ionization lines of NLS1s. Variation of the relative proportion of these two type of clouds nicely reproduce the dispersion of narrow line ratios found among the NLS1 sample. Assuming similar physical model parameters of both NLS1s and the normal Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548, we show that the observed differences of emission line ratios between these two groups can be explained in terms of the shape of the input ionizing continuum. Narrow emission line ratios of NLS1s are better reproduced by a steep power-law continuum in the EUV -- soft X-ray region, with spectral index alpha ~ -2. Flatter spectral indices (alpha ~ -1.5) match the observed line ratios of NGC 5548 but are unable to provide a good match to the NLS1 ratios. This result is consistent with ROSAT observations of NLS1s, which show that these objects are characterized by steeper power-law indices than those of Sy1 galaxies with strong broad optical lines.
Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) exhibit extreme soft X-ray excess and large variability. We argue that both features can be basically accounted for by the slim disk model. We assume that a central black-hole mass in NLS1 is relatively small, $
M sim 10^{5-7}M_odot$, and that a disk shines nearly at the Eddington luminosity, $L_{rm E}$. Then, the disk becomes a slim disk and exhibits the following distinctive signatures: (1) The disk luminosity (particularly of X-rays) is insensitive to mass-flow rates, $dot M$, since the generated energy is partly carried away to the black hole by trapped photons in accretion flow. (2) The spectra are multi-color blackbody. The maximum blackbody temperature is $T_{rm bb} simeq 0.2(M/10^5 M_odot)^{-1/4}$ keV, and the size of the blackbody emitting region is small, $r_{rm bb} lsim 3 r_{rm S}$ (with $r_{rm S}$ being Schwarzschild radius) even for a Schwarzschild black hole. (3) All the ASCA observation data of NLS1s fall onto the region of $dot M/(L_{rm E}/c^2)>10$ (with $L_{rm E}$ being the Eddington luminosity) on the ($r_{rm bb},T_{rm bb}$) plane, supporting our view that a slim disk emits soft X-rays at $sim L_{rm E}$ in NLS1s. (4) Magnetic energy can be amplified, at most, up to the equipartition value with the trapped radiation energy which greatly exceeds radiation energy emitted from the disk. Hence, energy release by consecutive magnetic reconnection will give rise to substantial variability in soft X-ray emission.
I provide a short review of the properties of Narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies across the electromagnetic spectrum and of the models to explain them. Their continuum and emission-line properties manifest one extreme form of Seyfert activity. As
such, NLS1 galaxies may hold important clues to the key parameters that drive nuclear activity. Their high accretion rates close to the Eddington rate provide new insight into accretion physics, their low black hole masses and perhaps young ages allow us to address issues of black hole growth, their strong optical FeII emission places strong constraints on FeII and perhaps metal formation models and physical conditions in these emission-line clouds, and their enhanced radio quiteness permits a fresh look at causes of radio loudness and the radio-loud radio-quiet bimodality in AGN.
Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) is one of the few classes of active galactic nuclei (AGN) harboring powerful relativistic jets and detected in $gamma$ rays. NLS1s are well-known X-ray sources. While in non-jetted sources the origin of this X-r
ay emission may be a hot corona surrounding the accretion disk, in jetted objects, especially beamed ones, the contribution of corona and relativistic jet is difficult to disentangle without a proper sampling of the hard X-ray emission. For this reason, we observed with textit{NuSTAR} the first four NLS1s detected at high energy $gamma$ rays. These data, along with textit{XMM-Newton} and textit{Swift/XRT} observations, confirmed that X rays originate both in the jet and in the accretion disk corona. Time variability in hard X rays furthermore suggests that, as observed in flat-spectrum radio quasars, the dissipation region during flares could change its position from source to source, and it can be located both inside and outside the broad-line region. We find that jetted NLS1s, and other blazars as well, seem not to follow the classical fundamental plane of black hole activity, which therefore should be used as a black hole mass estimator in blazars with extreme care only. Our results strengthen the idea according to which $gamma$-NLS1s are smaller and younger version of flat-spectrum radio quasars, in which both a Seyfert and a blazar component co-exist.
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