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While the highly multilingual Universal Dependencies (UD) project provides extensive guidelines for clausal structure as well as structure within canonical nominal phrases, a standard treatment is lacking for many mischievous nominal phenomena that break the mold. As a result, numerous inconsistencies within and across corpora can be found, even in languages with extensive UD treebanking work, such as English. This paper surveys the kinds of mischievous nominal expressions attested in English UD corpora and proposes solutions primarily with English in mind, but which may offer paths to solutions for a variety of UD languages.
Universal Dependencies is an open community effort to create cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages within a dependency-based lexicalist framework. The annotation consists in a linguistically motivated word segmentatio
We exploit a decomposition of graph traversals to give a novel characterization of depth-first and breadth-first traversals as universal constructions. Specifically, we introduce functors from two different categories of edge-ordered directed graphs
We describe and evaluate different approaches to the conversion of gold standard corpus data from Stanford Typed Dependencies (SD) and Penn-style constituent trees to the latest English Universal Dependencies representation (UD 2.2). Our results indi
Are pairs of words that tend to occur together also likely to stand in a linguistic dependency? This empirical question is motivated by a long history of literature in cognitive science, psycholinguistics, and NLP. In this work we contribute an exten
We investigate the extent to which individual attention heads in pretrained transformer language models, such as BERT and RoBERTa, implicitly capture syntactic dependency relations. We employ two methods---taking the maximum attention weight and comp