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In this paper, a method to evaluate the flexibility of aggregates of domestic electric water heaters is proposed and applied to the Italian case. Flexibility is defined as the capability of the aggregate to vary its power demand for a given time interval. The evaluation method consists of a Monte Carlo analysis, that uses the thermal model of electric water heaters and a proper elaboration of the external inputs, such as ambient and cold water temperatures, and hot water demand. The case of large aggregates defined along the Italian territory has been studied showing the dependence of flexibility on seasons and on time.
This paper proposes a control method for allowing aggregates of thermostatically controlled loads to provide synthetic inertia and primary frequency regulation services to the grid. The proposed control framework is fully distributed and basically co
Non-generating resources such as thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can arbitrage energy prices and provide balancing reserves when aggregated due to their thermal energy storage capacity. Based on a performed survey of Swedish single- and two-
This paper defines a security injection region (SIR) to guarantee reliable operation of water distribution systems (WDS) under extreme conditions. The model of WDSs is highly nonlinear and nonconvex. Understanding the accurate SIRs of WDSs involves t
Demand flexibility is increasingly important for power grids. Careful coordination of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can modulate energy demand, decrease operating costs, and increase grid resiliency. We propose a novel distributed control
The deployment of distributed photovoltaics (PV) in low-voltage networks may cause technical issues such as voltage rises, line ampacity violations, and transformer overloading for distribution system operators (DSOs). These problems may induce high