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تسجيل مستخدم جديدPhoton Ring Autocorrelations
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In the presence of a black hole, light sources connect to observers along multiple paths. As a result, observed brightness fluctuations must be correlated across different times and positions in black hole images. Photons that execute multiple orbits around the black hole appear near a critical curve in the observer sky, giving rise to the photon ring. In this paper, a novel observable is proposed: the two-point correlation function of intensity fluctuations on the photon ring. This correlation function is analytically computed for a Kerr black hole surrounded by stochastic equatorial emission, with source statistics motivated by simulations of a turbulent accretion flow. It is shown that this two-point function exhibits a universal, self-similar structure consisting of multiple peaks of identical shape: while the profile of each peak encodes statistical properties of fluctuations in the source, the locations and heights of the peaks are determined purely by the black hole parameters. Measuring these peaks would demonstrate the existence of the photon ring without resolving its thickness, and would provide estimates of black hole mass and spin. With regular monitoring over sufficiently long timescales, this measurement could be possible via interferometric imaging with modest improvements to the Event Horizon Telescope.
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The Event Horizon Telescope recently produced the first images of a black hole. These images were synthesized by measuring the coherent correlation function of the complex electric field measured at telescopes located across the Earth. This correlati
on function corresponds to the Fourier transform of the image under the assumption that the source emits spatially incoherent radiation. However, black holes differ from standard astrophysical objects: in the absence of absorption and scattering, an observer sees a series of increasingly demagnified echos of each emitting location. These echos correspond to rays that orbit the black hole one or more times before reaching the observer. This multi-path propagation introduces spatial and temporal correlations into the electric field that encode properties of the black hole, irrespective of intrinsic variability. We explore the coherent temporal autocorrelation function measured at a single telescope. Specifically, we study the simplified toy problem of scalar field correlation functions $langle Psi(t) Psi(0) rangle$ sourced by fluctuating matter located near a Schwarzschild black hole. We find that the correlation function is peaked at times equal to integer multiples of the photon orbit period; the corresponding power spectral density vanishes like $lambda/r_{rm g}$ where $r_{rm g} = G M / c^{2}$ is the gravitational radius of the black hole and $lambda$ is the wavelength of radiation observed. For supermassive black holes observed at millimeter wavelengths, the power in echos is suppressed relative to direct emission by $sim 10^{-13} lambda_{rm mm}/M_{6}$, where $lambda_{rm mm} = lambda/(1,{rm mm})$ and $M_6 = M/(10^6 M_odot)$. Consequently, detecting multi-path propagation near a black hole using the coherent electric field autocorrelation is infeasible with current technology.
Einstein equivalence principle (EEP), as one of the foundations of general relativity, is a fundamental test of gravity theories. In this paper, we propose a new method to test the EEP of electromagnetic interactions through observations of black hol
e photon rings, which naturally extends the scale of Newtonian and post-Newtoian gravity where the EEP violation through a variable fine structure constant has been well constrained to that of stronger gravity. We start from a general form of Lagrangian that violates EEP, where a specific EEP violation model could be regarded as one of the cases of this Lagrangian. Within the geometrical optical approximation, we find that the dispersion relation of photons is modified: for photons moving in circular orbit, the dispersion relation simplifies, and behaves such that photons with different linear polarizations perceive different gravitational potentials. This makes the size of black hole photon ring depend on polarization. Further assuming that the EEP violation is small, we derive an approximate analytic expression for spherical black holes showing that the change in size of the photon ring is proportional to the violation parameters. We also discuss several cases of this analytic expression for specific models. Finally, we explore the effects of black hole rotation and derive a modified proportionality relation between the change in size of photon ring and the violation parameters. The numerical and analytic results show that the influence of black hole rotation on the constraints of EEP violation is relatively weak for small magnitude of EEP violation and small rotation speed of black holes.
Newtonian gravitational potential sourced by a homogeneous circular ring in arbitrary dimensional Euclidean space takes a simple form if the spatial dimension is even. In contrast, if the spatial dimension is odd, it is given in a form that includes
complete elliptic integrals. In this paper, we analyze the dynamics of a freely falling massive particle in its Newtonian potential. Focusing on circular orbits on the symmetric plane where the ring is placed, we observe that they are unstable in 4D space and above, while they are stable in 3D space. The sequence of stable circular orbits disappears at $1.6095cdots$ times the radius of the ring, which corresponds to the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO). On the axis of symmetry of the ring, there are no circular orbits in 3D space but more than in 4D space. In particular, the circular orbits are stable between the ISCO and infinity in 4D space and between the ISCO and the outermost stable circular orbit in 5D space. There exist no stable circular orbits in 6D space and above.
We investigate the spherical photon orbits in near-extremal Kerr spacetimes. We show that the spherical photon orbits with impact parameters in a finite range converge on the event horizon. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Weyl curvature near the
horizon does not generate the shear of a congruence of such light rays. Because of this property, a series of images produced by the light orbiting around a near-extremal Kerr black hole several times can be observable.
We consider test particle motion in a gravitational field generated by a homogeneous circular ring placed in $n$-dimensional Euclidean space. We observe that there exist no stable stationary orbits in $n=6, 7, ldots, 10$ but exist in $n=3, 4, 5$ and
clarify the regions in which they appear. In $n=3$, we show that the separation of variables of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation does not occur though we find no signs of chaos for stable bound orbits. Since the system is integrable in $n=4$, no chaos appears. In $n=5$, we find some chaotic stable bound orbits. Therefore, this system is nonintegrable at least in $n=5$ and suggests that the timelike geodesic system in the corresponding black ring spacetimes is nonintegrable.
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