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Recently, the concept on `forgeable quantum messages in arbitrated quantum signature schemes was introduced by T. Kim et al. [Phys. Scr., 90, 025101 (2015)], and it has been shown that there always exists such a forgeable quantum message for every known arbitrated quantum signature scheme with four quantum encryption operators and the specific two rotation operators. We first extend the result to the case of any two unitary rotation operators, and then consider the forgeable quantum messages in the schemes with four quantum encryption operators and three or more rotation operators. We here present a necessary and sufficient condition for existence of a forgeable quantum message, and moreover, by employing the condition, show that there exists an arbitrated quantum signature scheme which contains no forgeable quantum message-signature pairs.
Even though a method to perfectly sign quantum messages has not been known, the arbitrated quantum signature scheme has been considered as one of good candidates. However, its forgery problem has been an obstacle to the scheme being a successful meth
Until now, there have been developed many arbitrated quantum signature schemes implemented with a help of a trusted third party. In order to guarantee the unconditional security, most of them take advantage of the optimal quantum one-time encryption
In this paper, an efficient arbitrated quantum signature scheme is proposed by combining quantum cryptographic techniques and some ideas in classical cryptography. In the presented scheme, the signatory and the receiver can share a long-term secret k
For space-based laser communications, when the mean photon number per received optical pulse is much smaller than one, there is a large gap between communications capacity achievable with a receiver that performs individual pulse-by-pulse detection,
We study the simultaneous message passing (SMP) model of communication complexity, for the case where one party is quantum and the other is classical. We show that in an SMP protocol that computes some function with the first party sending q qubits a