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The gravitational properties of a torus are investigated. It is shown that a torus can be formed from test particles orbiting in the gravitational field of a central mass. In this case, a toroidal distribution is achieved because of the significant spread of inclinations and eccentricities of the orbits. To investigate the self-gravity of the torus we consider the $N$-body problem for a torus located in the gravitational field of a central mass. It is shown that in the equilibrium state the cross-section of the torus is oval with a Gaussian density distribution. The dependence of the obscuring efficiency on torus inclination is found.
Recent results have suggested that active galactic nuclei (AGN) could provide enough photons to reionise the Universe. We assess the viability of this scenario using a semi-numerical framework for modeling reionisation, to which we add a quasar contr
Dedicated searches generally find a decreasing fraction of obscured Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) with increasing AGN luminosity. This has often been interpreted as evidence for a decrease of the covering factor of the AGN torus with increasing lumino
We construct an X-ray spectral model from the clumpy torus in an active galactic nucleus (AGN), designated as XCLUMPY, utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation for Astrophysics and Cosmology framework (MONACO: Odaka et al. 2011, 2016). The adopted geomet
The central engines of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) are powered by accreting supermassive black holes, and while AGNs are known to play an important role in galaxy evolution, the key physical processes occur on scales that are too small to be resolv
This whitepaper describes how the VLASS could be designed in a manner to allow the identification of candidate dual active galactic nuclei (AGN) at separations <7 kpc. Dual AGN represent a clear marker of two supermassive black holes within an ongoin