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A pebbling move on a graph removes two pebbles at a vertex and adds one pebble at an adjacent vertex. Rubbling is a version of pebbling where an additional move is allowed. In this new move, one pebble each is removed at vertices $v$ and $w$ adjacent to a vertex $u$, and an extra pebble is added at vertex $u$. A vertex is reachable from a pebble distribution if it is possible to move a pebble to that vertex using rubbling moves. The rubbling number is the smallest number $m$ needed to guarantee that any vertex is reachable from any pebble distribution of $m$ pebbles. The optimal rubbling number is the smallest number $m$ needed to guarantee a pebble distribution of $m$ pebbles from which any vertex is reachable. We give bounds for rubbling and optimal rubbling numbers. In particular, we find an upper bound for the rubbling number of $n$-vertex, diameter $d$ graphs, and estimates for the maximum rubbling number of diameter 2 graphs. We also give a sharp upper bound for the optimal rubbling number, and sharp upper and lower bounds in terms of the diameter.
Let $G$ be a simple graph with $2n$ vertices and a perfect matching. The forcing number of a perfect matching $M$ of $G$ is the smallest cardinality of a subset of $M$ that is contained in no other perfect matching of $G$. Let $f(G)$ and $F(G)$ denot
We give some new bounds for the clique and independence numbers of a graph in terms of its eigenvalues.
For a simple, undirected and connected graph $G$, $D_{alpha}(G) = alpha Tr(G) + (1-alpha) D(G)$ is called the $alpha$-distance matrix of $G$, where $alphain [0,1]$, $D(G)$ is the distance matrix of $G$, and $Tr(G)$ is the vertex transmission diagonal
The fixing number of a graph $G$ is the smallest cardinality of a set of vertices $S$ such that only the trivial automorphism of $G$ fixes every vertex in $S$. The fixing set of a group $Gamma$ is the set of all fixing numbers of finite graphs with a
An edge-coloured path is emph{rainbow} if all the edges have distinct colours. For a connected graph $G$, the emph{rainbow connection number} $rc(G)$ is the minimum number of colours in an edge-colouring of $G$ such that, any two vertices are connect