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Neural language models exhibit impressive performance on a variety of tasks, but their internal reasoning may be difficult to understand. Prior art aims to uncover meaningful properties within model representations via probes, but it is unclear how faithfully such probes portray information that the models actually use. To overcome such limitations, we propose a technique, inspired by causal analysis, for generating counterfactual embeddings within models. In experiments testing our technique, we produce evidence that suggests some BERT-based models use a tree-distance-like representation of syntax in downstream prediction tasks.
Since the popularization of the Transformer as a general-purpose feature encoder for NLP, many studies have attempted to decode linguistic structure from its novel multi-head attention mechanism. However, much of such work focused almost exclusively
This paper addresses the challenge of learning to do procedural reasoning over text to answer What if... questions. We propose a novel relational gating network that learns to filter the key entities and relationships and learns contextual and cross
The fundamental goal of business data analysis is to improve business decisions using data. Business users such as sales, marketing, product, or operations managers often make decisions to achieve key performance indicator (KPI) goals such as increas
Counterfactual inference has become a ubiquitous tool in online advertisement, recommendation systems, medical diagnosis, and econometrics. Accurate modeling of outcome distributions associated with different interventions -- known as counterfactual
We introduce WIQA, the first large-scale dataset of What if... questions over procedural text. WIQA contains three parts: a collection of paragraphs each describing a process, e.g., beach erosion; a set of crowdsourced influence graphs for each parag