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This paper derives time-uniform confidence sequences (CS) for causal effects in experimental and observational settings. A confidence sequence for a target parameter $psi$ is a sequence of confidence intervals $(C_t)_{t=1}^infty$ such that every one of these intervals simultaneously captures $psi$ with high probability. Such CSs provide valid statistical inference for $psi$ at arbitrary stopping times, unlike classical fixed-time confidence intervals which require the sample size to be fixed in advance. Existing methods for constructing CSs focus on the nonasymptotic regime where certain assumptions (such as known bounds on the random variables) are imposed, while doubly robust estimators of causal effects rely on (asymptotic) semiparametric theory. We use sequenti
Frequentist inference has a well-established supporting theory for doubly robust causal inference based on the potential outcomes framework, which is realized via outcome regression (OR) and propensity score (PS) models. The Bayesian counterpart, how
Classical asymptotic theory for statistical inference usually involves calibrating a statistic by fixing the dimension $d$ while letting the sample size $n$ increase to infinity. Recently, much effort has been dedicated towards understanding how thes
Important advances have recently been achieved in developing procedures yielding uniformly valid inference for a low dimensional causal parameter when high-dimensional nuisance models must be estimated. In this paper, we review the literature on unif
Confidence intervals based on penalized maximum likelihood estimators such as the LASSO, adaptive LASSO, and hard-thresholding are analyzed. In the known-variance case, the finite-sample coverage properties of such intervals are determined and it is
We investigate the problem of inferring the causal predictors of a response $Y$ from a set of $d$ explanatory variables $(X^1,dots,X^d)$. Classical ordinary least squares regression includes all predictors that reduce the variance of $Y$. Using only