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It is known that hyperedge replacement grammars are similar to string context-free grammars in the sense of definitions and properties. Therefore, we expect that there is a generalization of the well-known Greibach normal form from string grammars to hypergraph grammars. Such generalized normal forms are presented in several papers; however, they do not cover a large class of hypergraph languages (e.g. languages consisting of star graphs). In this paper, we introduce a weak Greibach normal form, whose definition corresponds to the lexicalized normal form for string grammars, and prove that every context-free hypergraph language (with nonsubstantial exceptions) can be generated by a grammar in this normal form. The proof presented in this paper generalizes a corresponding one for string grammars with a few more technicalities.
Context-Free Grammars (CFGs) and Parsing Expression Grammars (PEGs) have several similarities and a few differences in both their syntax and semantics, but they are usually presented through formalisms that hinder a proper comparison. In this paper w
Parsing Expression Grammars (PEGs) are a formalism that can describe all deterministic context-free languages through a set of rules that specify a top-down parser for some language. PEGs are easy to use, and there are efficient implementations of PE
Most scripting languages nowadays use regex pattern-matching libraries. These regex libraries borrow the syntax of regular expressions, but have an informal semantics that is different from the semantics of regular expressions, removing the commutati
We study the computational complexity of universality and inclusion problems for unambiguous finite automata and context-free grammars. We observe that several such problems can be reduced to the universality problem for unambiguous context-free gram
Higher-order grammars are extensions of regular and context-free grammars, where non-terminals may take parameters. They have been extensively studied in 1980s, and restudied recently in the context of model checking and program verification. We show