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We generalize an idea in the works of Landauer and Bennett on computations, and Hills in chemical kinetics, to emphasize the importance of kinetic cycles in mesoscopic nonequilibrium thermodynamics (NET). For continuous stochastic systems, a NET in phase space is formulated in terms of cycle affinity $ ablawedgebig(mathbf{D}^{-1}mathbf{b}big)$ and vorticity potential $mathbf{A}(mathbf{x})$ of the stationary flux $mathbf{J}^{*}= ablatimesmathbf{A}$. Each bivectorial cycle couples two transport processes represented by vectors and gives rise to Onsagers reciprocality; the scalar product of the two bivectors $mathbf{A}cdot ablawedgebig(mathbf{D}^{-1}mathbf{b}big)$ is the rate of local entropy production in the nonequilibrium steady state. An Onsager operator that maps vorticity to cycle affinity is introduced.
We develop the stochastic approach to thermodynamics based on the stochastic dynamics, which can be discrete (master equation) continuous (Fokker-Planck equation), and on two assumptions concerning entropy. The first is the definition of entropy itse
Self-supervised learning (SSL) of energy based models has an intuitive relation to equilibrium thermodynamics because the softmax layer, mapping energies to probabilities, is a Gibbs distribution. However, in what way SSL is a thermodynamic process?
We present an experiment in which a one-bit memory is constructed, using a system of a single colloidal particle trapped in a modulated double-well potential. We measure the amount of heat dissipated to erase a bit and we establish that in the limit
Using an additivity property, we study particle-number fluctuations in a system of interacting self-propelled particles, called active Brownian particles (ABPs), which consists of repulsive disks with random self-propulsion velocities. From a fluctua
Onsagers variational principle (OVP) was originally proposed by Lars Onsager in 1931 [L. Onsager, $Phys. Rev.$, 1931, $37$, 405]. This fundamental principle provides a very powerful tool for formulating thermodynamically consistent models. It can als