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The conventional approach to orbit trapping at Lindblad resonances via a pendulum equation fails when the parent of the trapped orbits is too circular. The problem is explained and resolved in the context of the Torus Mapper and a realistic Galaxy model. Tori are computed for orbits trapped at both the inner and outer Lindblad resonances of our Galaxy. At the outer Lindblad resonance, orbits are quasiperiodic and can be accurately fitted by torus mapping. At the inner Lindblad resonance, orbits are significantly chaotic although far from ergodic, and each orbit explores a small range of tori obtained by torus mapping.
In this paper we develop a general conceptual approach to the problem of existence of action-angle variables for dynamical systems, which establishes and uses the fundamental conservation property of associated torus actions: anything which is preser
Torus mapping yields constants of motion for stars trapped at a resonance. Each such constant of motion yields a system of contours in velocity space at the Sun and neighbouring points. If Jeans theorem applied to resonantly trapped orbits, the densi
Galaxy modelling is greatly simplified by assuming the existence of a global system of angle-action coordinates. Unfortunately, global angle-action coordinates do not exist because some orbits become trapped by resonances, especially where the radial
Starting from the action-angle variables and using a standard asymptotic expansion, here we present a new derivation of the Wave Kinetic Equation for resonant process of the type $2leftrightarrow 2$. Despite not offering new physical results and desp
A phase-space distribution function of the steady state in galaxy models that admits regular orbits overall in the phase-space can be represented by a function of three action variables. This type of distribution function in Galactic models is often