اشترك بالحزمة الذهبية واحصل على وصول غير محدود شمرا أكاديميا
تسجيل مستخدم جديدNon-Thermal Radiation from the Inner Galaxy
119
0
0.0
(
0
)
تأليف
Roland M. Crocker
اسأل ChatGPT حول البحث
ﻻ يوجد ملخص باللغة العربية
I review our current state of knowledge about non-thermal radiation from the Galactic Centre (GC) and Inner Galaxy. Definitionally, the Galactic nucleus is at the bottom of the Galaxys gravitational well, rendering it a promising region to seek the signatures of dark matter decay or annihilation. It also hosts, however, the Milky Ways resident supermassive black hole and up to 10% of current massive star formation in the Galaxy. Thus the Galactic nucleus is a dynamic and highly-energized environment implying that extreme caution must be exercised in interpreting any unusual or unexpected signal from (or emerging from) the region as evidence for dark matter-related processes. One spectacular example of an `unexpected signal is the discovery within the last few years of the `Fermi Bubbles and, subsequently, their polarised radio counterparts. These giant lobes extend ~7 kpc from the nucleus into both north and south Galactic hemispheres. Hard-spectrum, microwave emission coincident with the lower reaches of the Bubbles has also been detected, first in WMAP, and more recently in Planck data. Debate continues as to the origin of the Bubbles and their multi-wavelength emissions: are they the signatures of relatively recent (in the last ~Myr) activity of the supermassive black hole or, alternatively, nuclear star formation? I will briefly review evidence that points to the latter interpretation.
قيم البحث
اقرأ أيضاً
We report new Chandra hard X-ray ($>2rm~keV$) and JVLA C-band observations of the nuclear superbubble of NGC 3079, an analog of the Fermi bubble in our Milky Way. We detect extended hard X-ray emission on the SW side of the galactic nucleus with cohe
rent multi-wavelength features in radio, H$alpha$, and soft X-ray. The hard X-ray feature has a cone shape with possibly a weak cap, forming a bubble-like structure with a diameter of $sim1.1rm~kpc$. A similar extended feature, however, is not detected on the NE side, which is brighter in all other wavelengths such as radio, H$alpha$, and soft X-ray. Scattered photons from the nuclear region or other nearby point-like X-ray bright sources, inverse Compton emission from cosmic ray electrons via interaction with the cosmic microwave background, or any individually faint stellar X-ray source populations, cannot explain the extended hard X-ray emission on the SW side and the strongly NE/SW asymmetry. A synchrotron emission model, plus a thermal component accounting for the excess at $sim1rm~keV$, can well characterize the broadband radio/hard X-ray spectra. The broadband synchrotron spectra do not show any significant cutoff, and even possibly slightly flatten at higher energy. This rules out a loss-limited scenario in the acceleration of the cosmic ray electrons in or around this superbubble. As the first detection of kpc-scale extended hard X-ray emission associated with a galactic nuclear superbubble, the spatial and spectral properties of the multi-wavelength emissions indicate that the cosmic ray leptons responsible for the broad-band synchrotron emission from the SW bubble must be accelerated in situ, instead of transported from the nuclear region of the galaxy.
The relevance of non-thermal cluster studies and the importance of combining observations of future radio surveys with WFXT data are discussed in this paper.
The annihilation of cosmic positrons ($e^+$) with electrons in the interstellar medium (ISM) results in the strongest persistent gamma-ray line signal in the sky. For 50 years, this 511 keV emission has puzzled observers and theoreticians. A key issu
e for understanding $e^+$-astrophysics is found in cosmic-ray propagation, especially at low kinetic energies (< 10 MeV). We want to shed light on how $e^+$s propagate and the resulting morphology of the emission. We approach this positron puzzle by inferring kinematic information of the 511 keV line in the inner radian of the Galaxy. This constrains propagation scenarios and source populations. By dissecting the 511 keV emission as measured with INTEGRAL/SPI, we derive spectra for individual regions in the sky. The centroid energies are converted into Doppler-shifts, representing the line-of-sight velocity along different longitudes. This results in a longitude-velocity diagram of $e^+$-annihilation. We also determine Doppler-broadenings to study annihilation conditions as they vary across the Galaxy. We find line-of-sight velocities in the 511 keV line that are consistent with zero, as well as with galactic rotation from CO measurements, and measurements of radioactive Al-26. The velocity gradient in the inner 60 deg is determined to be $4pm6$ km/s/deg. The 511 keV line width is constant as a function of longitude at $2.43pm0.14$ keV. The positronium fraction is found to be 1.0 along the galactic plane. The weak signals in the disk leave open the question whether $e^+$-annihilation is associated with the high velocities seen in Al-26 or rather with ordinarily rotating components of the Galaxys ISM. We confirm previous results that $e^+$s are slowed down to the 10 eV energy scale before annihilation, and constrain bulk Doppler-broadening contributions to <1.25 keV. Consequently, the true annihilation conditions remain unclear.
Radio observations at metre-centimetre wavelengths shed light on the nature of the emission of HII regions. Usually this category of objects is dominated by thermal radiation produced by ionised hydrogen, namely protons and electrons. However, a numb
er of observational studies have revealed the existence of HII regions with a mixture of thermal and non-thermal radiation. The latter represents a clue as to the presence of relativistic electrons. However, neither the interstellar cosmic-ray electron flux nor the flux of secondary electrons, produced by primary cosmic rays through ionisation processes, is high enough to explain the observed flux densities. We investigate the possibility of accelerating local thermal electrons up to relativistic energies in HII region shocks. We assumed that relativistic electrons can be accelerated through the first-order Fermi acceleration mechanism and we estimated the emerging electron fluxes, the corresponding flux densities, and the spectral indexes. We find flux densities of the same order of magnitude of those observed. In particular, we applied our model to the deep south (DS) region of Sagittarius B2 and we succeeded in reproducing the observed flux densities with an accuracy of less than 20% as well as the spectral indexes. The model also gives constraints on magnetic field strength ($0.3-4$ mG), density ($1-9times10^4$ cm$^{-3}$), and flow velocity in the shock reference frame ($33-50$ km s$^{-1}$) expected in DS. We suggest a mechanism able to accelerate thermal electrons inside HII regions through the first-order Fermi acceleration. The existence of a local source of relativistic electrons can explain the origin of both the observed non-thermal emission and the corresponding spectral indexes.
Star-forming galaxies (SFGs) emit non-thermal radiation from radio to gamma-rays. We aim to investigate the main mechanisms of global CR transport and cooling in SFGs. The way they contribute in shaping the relations between non-thermal luminosities
and SFR could shed light onto their nature. We develop a model to compute the CR populations of SFGs, taking into account their production, transport, and cooling. The model is parameterised only through global galaxy properties, and describes the non-thermal emission in both radio and gamma-rays. We focus on the role of diffusive and advective transport by galactic winds, either driven by turbulent or thermal instabilities. We compare model predictions to observations, for which we compile a homogeneous set of luminosities in these radio bands, and update those available in gamma-rays. Our model reproduces reasonably well the observed relations between the gamma-ray or 1.4 GHz radio luminosities and the SFR, assuming a single power-law scaling of the magnetic field with the latter with index beta=0.3, and winds blowing either at Alfvenic speeds or typical starburst wind velocities. Escape of CR is negligible for > 30 Mo/yr. A constant ionisation fraction of the interstellar medium fails to reproduce the 150 MHz radio luminosity throughout the whole SFR range. Our results reinforce the idea that galaxies with high SFR are CR calorimeters, and that the main mechanism driving proton escape is diffusion, whereas electron escape also proceeds via wind advection. They also suggest that these winds should be CR or thermally-driven at low and intermediate SFR, respectively. Our results globally support that magnetohydrodynamic turbulence is responsible for the dependence of the magnetic field strength on the SFR and that the ionisation fraction is strongly disfavoured to be constant throughout the whole SFR range.
سجل دخول لتتمكن من نشر تعليقات
التعليقات
جاري جلب التعليقات
سجل دخول لتتمكن من متابعة معايير البحث التي قمت باختيارها
