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The transverse spatial attributes of an optical beam can be decomposed into the position, momentum and orbital angular momentum observables. The position and momentum of a beam is directly related to the quadrature amplitudes, whilst the orbital angular momentum is related to the polarization and spin variables. In this paper, we study the quantum properties of these spatial variables, using a representation in the Stokes-operator basis. We propose a spatial detection scheme to measure all three spatial variables and consequently, propose a scheme for the generation of spatial Stokes operator squeezing and entanglement.
Detection of entanglement in quantum states is one of the most important problems in quantum information processing. However, it is one of the most challenging tasks to find a universal scheme which is also desired to be optimal to detect entanglemen
Entanglement is a fundamental resource for quantum information processing, occurring naturally in many-body systems at low temperatures. The presence of entanglement and, in particular, its scaling with the size of system partitions underlies the com
We develop a numerical approach for quantifying entanglement in mixed quantum states by convex-roof entanglement measures, based on the optimal entanglement witness operator and the minimax optimization method. Our approach is applicable to general e
We theoretically investigate the implementation of the two-mode squeezing operator in circuit quantum electrodynamics. Inspired by a previous scheme for optical cavities [Phys. Rev. A $textbf{73}$, 043803(2006)], we employ a superconducting qubit cou
We present a simple model together with its physical implementation which allows one to generate multipartite entanglement between several spatial modes of the electromagnetic field. It is based on parametric down-conversion with N pairs of symmetric