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This article introduces into the whole section on Social Sciences, edited by A. Nowak for this Encyclopedia, concentrating on the applications of mathematics and physics. Here under mathematics we include also all computer simulations if they are not taken from physics, while physics applications include simulations of models which basically existed already in physics before they were applied to social simulations. Thus obviously there is no sharp border between applications from physics and from mathematics in the sense of our definition. Also social science is not defined precisely. We will include some economics as well as some linguistics, but not social insects or fish swarms, nor human epidemics or demography. Also, we mention not only this section by also the section on agent-based modelling edited by F. Castiglione as containing articles of social interest.
The birth and decline of disciplines are critical to science and society. However, no quantitative model to date allows us to validate competing theories of whether the emergence of scientific disciplines drives or follows the formation of social com
Statistical physics has proven to be a very fruitful framework to describe phenomena outside the realm of traditional physics. The last years have witnessed the attempt by physicists to study collective phenomena emerging from the interactions of ind
This chapter introduces statistical methods used in the analysis of social networks and in the rapidly evolving parallel-field of network science. Although several instances of social network analysis in health services research have appeared recentl
In this paper, we provide a statistical analysis of high-resolution contact pattern data within primary and secondary schools as collected by the SocioPatterns collaboration. Students are graphically represented as nodes in a temporally evolving netw
Most physics theories are deterministic, with the notable exception of quantum mechanics which, however, comes plagued by the so-called measurement problem. This state of affairs might well be due to the inability of standard mathematics to speak of