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We study discrepancy between the analytical definition and the numerical implementation of the McLerran-Venugopalan (MV) model. The infinitesimal extent of a fast-moving nucleus should retain longitudinal randomness in the color source distribution even when the longitudinal extent approximates zero due to the Lorentz contraction, which is properly taken into account in the analytical treatment. We point out that the longitudinal randomness is lost in numerical simulations because of lack of the path-ordering of the Wilson line along the longitudinal direction. We quantitatively investigate how much the results with and without longitudinal randomness differ from each other. We finally mention that the discrepancy could be absorbed in a choice of the model parameter in the physical unit, and nevertheless, it is important for a full theory approach.
We construct a generalization of the McLerran-Venugopalan (MV) model including helicity effects for a longitudinally polarized target (a proton or a large nucleus). The extended MV model can serve as the initial condition for the helicity generalizat
Using a recursive solution of the Yang-Mills equation, we calculate analytic expressions for the gluon fields created in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions at small times $tau$. We have worked out explicit solutions for the fields and the energy
We study the finite-temperature superfluid transition in a modified two-dimensional (2D) XY model with power-law distributed scratch-like bond disorder. As its exponent decreases, the disorder grows stronger and the mechanism driving the superfluid t
Based on the Kharzeev-McLerran-Warringa (KMW) model that estimates strong electromagnetic (EM) fields generated in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, we generalize the formulas of EM fields in the vacuum by incorporating the longitudinal position dep
Represented as graphs, real networks are intricate combinations of order and disorder. Fixing some of the structural properties of network models to their values observed in real networks, many other properties appear as statistical consequences of t